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THE 


Voters’ Handbook 


AND 


Political Dictionary. 


A Handy Manual of Up To Date Political 
Information. 


COMPILED BY 

STUART CHAS.' WADE, M.A., LL.D., 

Of the Werner Editorial Staff. 




The Werner Company, 

CHICAGO. NEW YORK. 

1896. 







PREFACE. 

Ready wit and reliable facts are the principal 
stock in trade of a statesman or politician. The 
possession of an epitome of such matters in a con¬ 
venient pocket form is indispensable to all taking 
an interest in politics. On the eve of a great 
struggle this little work is submitted for the con¬ 
sideration and favor of the vast constituency of 
America’s voters. S. C. W. 

Chicago, August 10, 1896. 

CONTENTS. 

PAGES. 


Dictionary of Political Terms and Phrases.3-82 

Tabor’s Wages on Gold Basis... 83 

Tabor’s Wages on Silver Basis. 84 

Revenue of U. S., 1883-95 . . 85 

Expenditure of U. S 1863-95 .. 86 

Purchases of Silver . 87 

Sources of Silver Product. 88 

Deposits at Mints and Assay Offices. 89 

Prices of Wheat 1860-1895 . 90 

Statistics of Savings Banks. 91 

Currency Circulation. 92 

Tegal Tender Functions of Coin, etc. 93 

Popular and Electoral Votes, 1824-1892 . 94 

Vote in Detail of 1892. 95 

Election Table for 1896 . 96 


Copyright, 1896, 

BY 

THE WERNER COMPANY. 
CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 


















_ 




THE VOTERS’ HANDBOOK 

AND 

POLITICAL DICTIONARY. 


ABOMINATIONS, The Tariff of . A title bestowed 
on the tariff of 18:28 on account of its high protective duties 
on raw materials and manufactured articles. See also 
McKinley Bill and Protection for Revenue Only. 

“ACKNOWLEDGE THE CORN, I.” A candid con¬ 
fession of error. The expression originated in the hails 
of Congress in 1828, when Andrew Stewart declared in a 
speech that Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky sent their hay¬ 
stacks, corn-fields and fodder to New York and Philadelphia 
for sale. Wickcliffe of Kentucky called him to order, saying 
that those States did not send hay-stacks or corn-fields away 
for sale. By logical argument Stewart showed that animals 
fed with these articles were so sent. “ Mr. Speaker ” cri-d 
Wickcliffe, springing to his feet, ‘‘I acknowledge the corn!” 

ADAMS AND CLAY REPUBLICANS. A faction of 
the Democratic-Republican party of lb25. It was the parent 
of the Whigs. 

ADDITION, DIVISION AND SILENCE. The qual¬ 
ities supposed to be necessary for a successful lobbyist 
or unscrupulous political worker. W. A. Kemble, then State 
Treasurer of Pennsjdvania, was charged by the New York 
Sun of March 15, 1872, with having written to T. J. Coffey, of 
Washington, a letter introducing G. O. Evans in these 
terms: ‘ He understands addition, division and silence.” 
See 41 Dear Beaver: Don't Talk and Boodle. 

ADMINISTRATION RESORTS. A name given to 
Frenchman’s Bay and Bar Harbor, Me , from 1885 to 1888, 
from the number of members of President Cleveland’s cabi¬ 
net who passed the summers there. See Buzzard's Bay , 
Cape Rlay. 

3 






ADULLAMITES. The bolters of a party. See I. 
Samuel, xxii. 1, 2. First used in politics by the English 
statesman, John Bright, in 1866. See Bolter and Mugwump. 

AFFIDAVIT FACE, HIS HONEST OLD. A eulo¬ 
gistic expression regarding Horace Boies, of Iowa, made 
at the Chicago Democratic Convention of 1896. It meant 
that the governor carried truth in each lineament of his 
face. 

AFRICANIZE, TO. In Southern political diction, to 
put a place under negro control. 

“AGIN THE ADMINISTRATION.” The Irish citi¬ 
zens have been slandered thus as being always opposed 
to law and order. 

I 

AGRICULTURAL WHEEL. A farmers' polilical 
society, the advance agent of the Patrons ot Husbandry, 
Populists, etc. 

ALBANY CONGRESS. The germ of the revolutionary 
idea; a meeting held at Albany, N. Y., in 1754, to perfect a 
plan of union for the thirteen Colonies. 

ALBANY REGENCY, THE. A name popularly given 
in the United States to a junto of astute Democratic politi¬ 
cians organized in 1820, and having their headquarters at 
Albany, N. Y. They controlled the action of the Democratic 
party for many years, and had great weight in national poli¬ 
tics. Its power was broken in 1854. See also Me Too , and 
Machine. 

ALEXANDER THE COPPERSMITH. A Scriptural 
' and by no means complimentary allusion made to Alexan¬ 
der Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, by those dissatis¬ 
fied with his copper cents coined in 1793. See Benton's Mint- 
drops. 

“ALL WE ASK IS TO BF LET ALONE!” The 

, wail of Secession, in Jefferson Davis’ first message, which 
would invite the answer, “Wayward sisters, go in peace!” 
(q.v.) as found in Winfield Scott’s letter to Seward. 

ALMIGH TY DOLLAR. The worship of Mammon as 
personified bv the dollar. Washington Irving seems to have 
been the first to use the term in “ Wolfert's Roost,” and he 
probably borrowed the expression from Ben Jonson’s 
“ Almighty Gold.” 

ALTGELD AND ANARCHY. A derisive expression 
used in Illinois to signify the platform advocated by its free 
silver governor, who pardoned the anarchists. 

4 



AMERICAN CATO. Samuel Adams was so called. 

AMERICAN FABIUS. George Washington, who har¬ 
ried the British by his elusive tactics. 

AMERICAN FLAG. “ If anyone attempts to haul down 
the American flag, shoot him on the spot.”—J. A. Dix in an 
official telegram, January 29, 1881. 

AMERICAN KNIGHTS. See Golden Circle, Knights. 

AMERICAN PARTY, or KNOW NOTHING PARTY. 

In United States politics of 1835,1843, and 1853, a party which 
advocated the control of the government by native citi¬ 
zens. As it was a secret fraternity and its members refused 
to give information concerning it, they received the name of 
“ Know Nothings.” The party nominated Fillmore for 
President in 1856, and was powerful for several years. 

AMERICAN SYSTEM. Henry Clay called^his protect¬ 
ive tariff law of 1824 by this name. See Abominations , 
ATcKinley Bill , Protection. 

AMERICAN TIN was a favored article of protection in 
the original McKinley bill (q.v.). Freetraders asserted there 
was no such an industry as tin plate manufacture in the 
United States. Tin entered largely into the campaign de¬ 
vices of the last Presidential election. 

“AMICABLY, IF THEY CAN; VIOLENTLY, IF 
THEY MUST.” From Josiah Quincy’s speech, 1811, against 
the admission of Uouisiana to the Union. 

“ A NO. 1.” An expression in politics, as well as in pub¬ 
lic affairs, signifying pre-eminent excellence. It is taken 
from the symbols of the Shipping L,ist. See What's the 
Matter with - ? and He's All Right! 

“ANOTHER COUNTY HEARD FROM!” An ex¬ 
clamation in the closely-contested Presidential campaign of 
187*;. The returns came very slowly from the doubtful States, 
and brought this expression into use. 

ANTIES, or ANTYS. A Democratic faction which voted 
with the Whigs from 1849 to 1850. 

ANTI-FEDERAEISTS. See Democrats. 

ANTT-SNAPPER. A term invented in New York State 
to describe those who refused to follow the dictates of a snap 
convention. See Bolt. 

5 





ANXIOUS SEAT. In a state of great difficulty, doubt or 
despondency, from the customs of camp meetings. 

A. P. A., The American Protective Association. The 
founder of the A. P. A. is H. F. Bowers, of Clinton, la., and 
the Association was organized at that place March 13, 1887. 
It is a secret order, its members being bound by oath not to 
reveal its proceedings: It claims (according to the report of 
the Supreme Secretary at the annual meeting) a membership 
of nearly two million throughout the States and Territories 
and in Canada, of which about a half million are members 
recently added. 

Platform of the A. P. A—The following official declara¬ 
tion of principles was made at the annual meeting at Des 
Moines, in May, 1894: 

Royalty to true Americanism, which knows neither birth¬ 
place, race, creed nor party, is the first requisite for member¬ 
ship in the American Protective Association. 

The American Protective Association is not a political party 
and does not control the political affiliation of its members, 
but it teaches them to be intensely active in the discharge of 
their political duties in or out of party lines, because it 
believes that all problems confronting our people will be 
best solved by a conscientious discharge of the duties of citi¬ 
zenship by every individual. 

While tolerant of all creeds it holds that subjection to and 
support of any ecclesiastical power not created and controlled 
by American citizens and which claims equal if not greater 
sovereignty than the Government of the United States of 
America is irreconcilable with American citizenship. It is, 
therefore, opposed to the holding of offices in National, 
State, or municipal government by any subject or supporter 
of such ecch siastical power. 

We uphold the Constitution of the United States of America 
and no portion of it more than its guaranty of religious 
liberty, but we hold this religious liberty to be guaranteed 
to the individual and not to mean that under its protection 
any un-American ecclesiastical power can claim absolute 
control over the educa'ion of children growing up under the 
Stars and Stripes. We consider the non-sectarian public 
schools the bulw rk of American institutions, the best place 
for the education of American children. To keep them such 
we protest against the employment of subjects of any un- 
American ecclesiastical power as officers or teachers of our 
public schools. 

We condemn the support out of the public Treasury by 
direct appropriation, or by contract, of any sectarian school, 
reformatory, or other institution not owned aud controlled 
by public authority. 

Believing that exemption from taxation is equal to a grant 




of public funds, we demand that no real or personal property 
be exempt from taxation, the title to which is not vested in 
the National or State governments or in au 3 ’ of their sub¬ 
divisions. 

We protest against the enlistment in the United States 
army, navy, or the militia of any State of any person not an 
actual citizen of the United States. 

We demand for the protection of our citizen laborers the 
prohibition of the importation of pauper labor and the re¬ 
striction of all immigration to persons who can show their 
ability and honest intention to become self-supporting Amer¬ 
ican citizens. 

We demand the change of naturalization laws by a repeal 
of the act authorizing the naturalization of minors without 
a previous declaration of intention, and by providing that no 
alien shall be naturalized or permitted to vote in any State 
of the Union who cannot speak the language of the land, 
and who cannot prove seven years’ continuous residence im 
this country from the date of his declaration of intention. 

We protest against the gross negligence and laxity with 
which the judiciary of our land administer the present nat¬ 
uralization laws and against the practice of naturalizing 
aliens at the expense of candidates and committees as the 
most prolific cause of the present prostitution of American 
citizenship to the basest use. 

We demand that all hospitals, asylums, reformatories, or 
other institutions in which people are under restraint be at 
all times subject to public inspection, whether they are 
maintained by the public or by private corporations or in¬ 
dividuals 

We demand that all National or State legislation affecting 
financial, commercial or industrial interests be general in 
character, and in no instance in favor of any one section of 
the country or of any one class of people. 

APOSTLE OF STATE RIGHTS, THE. John C Cal 
houn was so called. See State Rights. 

A. R. U., The American Railroad Union. A powerful 
organization of railroad men under the presidency of Eugene 
V. Debs. In July, 1894, the organization took up the griev¬ 
ances of the Pullman Company’s employes and, on arbitra¬ 
tion being refused, proceeded to tie up all the railroads. In¬ 
junctions against interference with the mails and interstate 
commerce were obtained from the Federal courts. Debs and 
others were arrested and imprisoned for contempt of court. 
See Government by Injunction,Debsism and Green Cucumbers. 

“AS HARSH AS TRUTH.” “I will be as harsh as 
truth, and as uncompromising as justice.”—-William Lloyd 
Garrison in the “ Liberator,” Vol. I., No. 1 (1831). 

7 




“ASYLUM OF THE OPPRESSED OF EVERY NA¬ 
TION.” The United States, according to the Democratic 
National Platform of 1850. 

ATHERTON GAG. A resolution in the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives ordering all petitions and papers relating to 
slavery to be laid on the table without printing, debate or 
reference. . Introduced by C. G. Atherton, of New Hampshire, 
December 11, 18„8. Repealed in 1845. See Gag. 

AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM. The method of 
secret voting adopted by many States, taken in the main 
from the English Ballot Act of 18iU, which was adopted in 
Australia. 

The following States and Territories have adopted new bal¬ 
lot laws, based more or less on the Australian system: 1888, 
Kentucky (applying only to Louisville), Massachusetts; 
1889, Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Montana, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Wisconsin; 1890, Mary¬ 
land (applying to Baltimore), New Jersey, New York (re¬ 
modeled in 1895), Oklahoma, Vermont, Washington, Wyom¬ 
ing; 1891, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, 
Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, South'Dakota, Oregon, West Virginia, Colo¬ 
rado; 1892, Iowa, Maryland (whole State), Mississippi: 1893, 
Alabama, Kansas, Kentucky, Nevada, Texas, and in Florida 
for the city of Jacksonville; 1891, Virginia. The only States 
in which some form of reformed balloting does not yet exist 
are Georgia, Louisiana, and North Carolina. In the South 
Carolina Constitutional Convention a proposition for a new 
form of ballot was considered. 

The distinctive feature of the ballot practice in New South 
Wales is that, the names of all the candidates being on one 
ticket, the names of persons for whom the voter does not 
wish to vote must be crossed off, a blue lead pencil being 
provided for the purpose by the authorities, while there are 
clearly printed on the ticket, in red ink, direct ons as to how 
many candidates must be voted for. Under the New Jersey 
law, each party ticket is printed on a separate ballot. For 
straight voting, therefore, no marking is required In all 
the other States which have adopted the reform system of 
voting, the single or “ blanket” ballot is used All the names 
in nomination are printed on one sheet, the voter’s choice 
to be indicated by marking. There are two methods 
used of grouping the names of the candidates. The Aus¬ 
tralian plan arranges the titles of the offices alphabetically, 
the names of the candidates and usually their party connec¬ 
tion being attached. The States which follow this plan with 
more or less variation in the form, but preserving the feat¬ 
ure of alphabetical arrangement of titles of offices to be 

8 




voted for, are California, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minne¬ 
sota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode 
Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wy¬ 
oming. The other form groups all names and offices by 
parties, over each of which is printed a distinct sign or em¬ 
blem. The voter of a straight ticket marks a cross in the 
circle at the head of his ticket. The voter who scatters 
marks squares opposite the names of all the candidates on 
the tickets. The States and Territories which use this plan, 
with or without immaterial variations, are Delaware, Illi¬ 
nois. Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New 
York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Oklahoma. See Kangaroo 
Voting. 

AUSTRALIAN FLAG, THE. A shirt-tail is so called. 

“AXE TO GRIND.” An American political slang ex¬ 
pression used to impute selfish motives or personal ends 
sought by a politician in furthering a project or a candi¬ 
date’s welfare. 

BACK-PAY BILL. A term in political circles used to 
describe the ‘‘back-salary grab, - ’ otherwise known as the 
“ back-pay steal.” See Salary-Grab. 

BALLOONING. Tall political talk. See Spread Eagle- 
ism , Jingo. 

BALLOT, THE. 

” A weapon that comes down as still 
As snowflake- fall upon the sod, 

But executes a freeman’s will 
As 1 ghtning does the will of God.” 

—John Pierpont, 1785-1866. 

See Australian Ballot Act. 

BALLOT-BOX STUFFING. An invention of the 
“ Heelers” (q.v.) in New York City, where the ballot-boxes 
were constructed with false bottoms, so that any number of 
spurious ballots could be introduced by those in charge at 
the polling olaces. See Staffer. 

BANDANA. The badge of the Democratic party in 
the Presidential campaign of 1888. It was adopted in com¬ 
pliment to Allan G. Thurman, ‘‘The Old Roman,” or ‘‘ The 
Old Bandana” (qv.), who was candidate for Vice-President 
and was believed to affect this kind of a pocket handerchief. 

BAND-WAGON, TO CLIMB INTO. A term in poli¬ 
tics to describe the action of those who, once opposing a 
candidate tooth and nail, meekly fall in his triumphal pro¬ 
cession when his boom attains heroic proportions. 

9 




BANNER STATE, COUNTY, Etc. A compliment paid 
to the State, county, or other political division which gives 
the largest vote to a party candidate. 

BARBECUE. A Southern polilical meeting, where a 
banquet precedes the speech-making. See Burgoo and Love 
Feast. In 1884 the custom crept northward, and New York 
State had a political barbecue. 

BAR'L. This slangy abbreviation of the word barrel 
means a barrel of money. In the spring of 1876, when the 
Democratic party was selecting its delegates to the National 
Convention which subsequently nominated Samuel J. Tilden 
for the Presidency, The Globe-Democrat of St. Louis alluded 
to that gentleman as the candidate with a barT, meaning 
that he was able and willing to spend large sums to influ¬ 
ence his eh ction. The phrase was caught up all over the 
country, and bar’l became synonymous with wealth in the 
case of a political candidate. See Boodle. 

BATH, THE LONE FISHERMAN OF. A nickname 
given in the Presidential campaign of 1896 to Arthur Sewall, 
the wealthy Democratic or Popocratic candidate for Vice- 
President (q v.). 

BEE. “ A Presidential bee buzzing in his ear” is a favor¬ 
ite and self-explanatory phrase. 

BENTON’S MINT DROPS. A nickname given to the 
gold.dollars advocated by Thos. H. Benton (‘‘Old Bullion”) 
in 1838. See Alexander the Coppersmith. 

“BE SURE YOU ARE RIGHT, THEN GO AHEAD.” 

The motto of David Crockett, the border knight in the war 
of 1812. 

BIEEY PATTERSON? WHO STRUCK. A time-worn 
inquiry at least forty-five years old, which has no answer 
to it. 

BIMETALLISM, SCIENTIFIC. “Coin” Harvey’s 
definition: ‘‘What we are contending for is the opening of 
the mints to the free coinage of silver (they are now open to 
the free and unlimited coinage of gold pud have never been 
closed to that metal) and the establishment of bimetallism 
on those simple and fixed principles adopted by those states¬ 
men who had in view the interest of no class, but of all the 
people. What we want is bimetallism. And scientific bi¬ 
metallism is this: First, Free and unlimited coinage of both 
gold and silver; these two metals to constitute the primary 
or redemption money of the government. Second, The 
silver dollar of 371)4 grains of pure silver to the unit of value 

10 



and gold to be coined into money at a ratio to be changed if 
necessary from time to time if the commercial parity to the 
legal r, tio shall be affected by the action of foreign countries. 
Third, The money coined from both metals to be legal tender 
in the payment of all debts. Fourth, The option as to which 
of the two moneys is to be paid in the liquidation of a debt 
to rest with a debtor, and the government also to exercise 
that option when desirable when paying out redemption 
money.”—From his Illinois Club Debate. 

15LACK AND TANS. A faction of the Republican 
party in Texas, the opposite faction being known as Lily 
Whites. The Black and Tans were so called because they 
admitted negroes to the convention. 

I5LACK FRIDAY. September 24, 1869,'Jay Gould and 
James Fisk, Jr., attempted to create a corner in the gold 
market by buying all the gold in the banks of New York 
city, amounting to $15,000,000. For several days the value of 
gold rose steadily, and the speculators aimed to carry it from 
144 to 200. Friday the whole city was in a ferment, the 
banks were rapidly selling, gold was at a 162V& and still ris- 
iug. Men became insane and everywhere the wildest excite¬ 
ment raged, for it seemed probable that the business houses 
must be closed, from ignorance of the prices to be charged for 
their goods. But in the midst of the panic it was reported 
that Secretary Boutwell, of the United States Treasury, had 
thrown $1,000,000 on the market, and at once gold fell, the 
excitement ceased, leaving Gould and Fisk the winners of 
$11,000,000. The day noticed above is what is generally re¬ 
ferred to as Black Friday in this country, but the term was 
first used in England, being applied, in the first instance, 
to the Friday on which the news reached Loudon that the 
young Pretender, Charles Edward, had arrived at Derby, 
creating a terrible panic; and finally to May 11, 1866. when 
the failure of Overend, Gurney & Co., London, the day 
before, was followed by a widespread financial ruin. 

I5LACK REPUBLICAN. A term given by the South¬ 
erners to the Republican party on account of its leaning 
toward the cause of abolition. 

“ BLAINE ! BLAINE ! BLAINE ! JAMES G. 
BLAINE!” See War Cry and Yell. 

BLANK ETEER. See Coxeyite. 

BLAND-ALLISON ACT. A statute passed over the veto 
of the President of the United States, and which became a 
law February 28, 1878. Under its provisions the Secretary of 
the Treasury was authorized and directed to purchase, 

11 




“from time to time silver bullion, at the market price 
thereof, not less than two million dollars worth per month, 
nor more than four million dollars worth per month, 
and to cause the same to be coined monthly as fast as so 
purchased into such dollars (i.e.. silver dollars of 412 L /2 grains 
each), such dollars to be legal tender.” Coinage began in 
1878 and continued until the repeal of the act by section five 
of an act passed July 14, 1890. 

BLANI) DOLLAR. The name given to the dollar coined 
under the Bland-Allison Act. Its present value as bullion is 
about 53 cents. See Silver Dick. 

BLATHERSKITE. A windy, wordy orator, about the 
same as a windbag (q.v.) or “ Fly-up-the-Creek.” 

BLAWSTED BRITISHERS. A nickname given to 
the English from their own pronunciation of a favorite 
adjective. 

BLEEDING KANSAS. A nickname given to the State 
of Kansas in 1854 owing to the disturbances on the passage 
of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

BLIZZARD. A synonym for a severe political defeat. 
See Boom and Frost. 

BLOATED BONDHOLDERS. An opprobrious epithet 
applied by demagogues to the wealthy citizens of the country. 

BLOCKS OF FIVE. A phrase that became famous in 
American politics during the Harrisou-Cleveland Presiden¬ 
tial campaign (1888). The Democratic managers made wide 
circulation of a letter alleged to have been w r ritten by Col. 
W. W. Dudley, Treasurer of the Republican National Com¬ 
mittee. Its most salient feature was a recommendation to 
secure “ floaters in blocks of five.” This was construed to 
mean the purchase of voters at wholesale rates. Colonel 
Dudley denied the letter and instituted suits for libel, which 
were abandoned after the election. 

BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER. An expres 
sion used by Commodore Josiah Tattnall in a despatch to 
the Secretary of the United States Navy in June, 1859, justi¬ 
fying his assistance to the British fleet at the attack on the 
Pei-ho forts. 

BLOOD UP TO THE BRIDLES. An expression of 
Davis H. Waite. See next article. In a public address he 
announced his desire to ride in “blood up to the bridle,” 
in defense to his Populistic creed. 

BLOODY BRIDLES. A nickname for Davis H. Waite, 
Populist ex-Governor of Colorado. See above. 

12 



BLOODY SHIRT, TO WAVE THE. A term in 
American politics credited to O. P. Morton, Governor of In¬ 
diana, and afterwards United States Senator in Reconstruc¬ 
tion times. The original meaning was obviously to stir up 
memories of the Civil War. The present use of the phrase 
is the same. 

BOLT, BOLTER. The verb is used to signify the de¬ 
sertion of a party by an independently-minded politician, 
who is opposed to machine rule. See Mugwump and Ma¬ 
chine. 

BOND TSSUE. The issue of United States bonds in re¬ 
sponse to the circular issued by Secretary of the Treasury 
John G. Carlisle on January 17, 1894. The amount was $50,- 
000,000, redeemable after ten years and bearing 5 per cent 
interest. A second bond issue of a similar amount took 
place in November, and a third circular was issued on the 
15th of that same month. 

BOND SYNDICATE. An agreement made on Febru¬ 
ary 8, 1895, by August Belmont & Co., as agents for the 
Rothschilds, of London, and J. P. Morgan & Co., of New 
York, on behalf of J. S. Morgan & Co., of London, with the 
Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. By the 
terms of this agreement, the syndicate agreed to sell and 
deliver to the United States 3,500,000 ounces of standard gold 
coin at the rate of $17.80.441 per ounce, payable in United 
States 4 per cent bonds. 

BOODLE. Money provided for campaign expenses, gen¬ 
erally for corrupt purposes. See Bar’l. The term is also 
used for the blackmail or bribes obtained by dishonest poli¬ 
ticians through fear or for favors. The boss boodler was 
W. M. Tweed. A Canadian court has defined a boodler as 
one of the very meanest class of thieves. 

BOOM. The rise in popular favor of a candidate for po¬ 
litical office. A boom is said to be punctured when popular 
opinion sets against a candidate. See Frost , Snag , Favorite 
Son. 

BOOTLEGGER, BOOTLEGGING. A slang term for 
introducing liquor for sale into a prohibition or dry State or 
town. The offender was believed to bring the liquor in the 
legs of his top-boots. 

BOSS. A political leader whose word is law and whose 
license is generally unlimited. Boss Tweed was probably 
the first of the clan, and Boss Platt a recent example. The 
phrase “boss rule” is attributed to Mr. Wayne MacVeagh, 
boss being derived from a Dutch word meaning master. 

13 




BOSS PLATT. An unkind expression used of the Hon. 
Thos. C. Platt, the leader of the New York State Republican 
forces and machine. See Boss, Albany Regency, Czar Reed , 
Me Too, Leader, and Machine. 

BOURBON. A Democrat of the old hide-bound variety; 
a lire-eater and a fighter from the word go “ They learned 
nothing and they forgot nothing,” as someone unkindly 
said of the ‘‘ Mossback Bourbons” (q.v.). 

BOYCOTT. A term borrowed from the Irish agrarian 
agitation. One Captain Boycott was obnoxious to the peas¬ 
antry. who refused to work for him or sell him the necessa¬ 
ries of life; hence the term. 

BOY ORATOR OF THE PLATTE, THE. A com¬ 
plimentary title bestowed on William Jennings Bryan, of 
Nebraska, Populist-Democratic candidate for President in 
18i)t5. on account of his electric andperfervid speech delivered 
before the Democratic Convention at Chicago, in Julj', 189(i. 
This speech procured him the honor of the nomination and 
the following were the most noteworthy paragraphs: 

“The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the 
armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the whole 
hosts of error that they can bring. I come to speak to you 
in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty—the 
cause of humanity.” 

'• I shall object to bringing this question down to a level of 
persons, 'fhe individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, 
he dies, but principles are eternal, and this has been a con 
test of principle.” 

•‘We say to you that you have made too limited in its 
application the definition of a busitiess-mau. The man who 
is employed for wages is as much a business man as his 
employer. The attorney in a country town is as much a 
business man as the corporation counsel in a great metropo¬ 
lis. The merchant at the crossroads store is as much a 
business man as the merchant of New York. The farmer 
who goes fotth in the morning and toils all day, begins in 
the spring and toils all summer, and by the application of 
brain and muscle to the national resources of this country 
creates wealth, is as much a business man as the man who 
goes upon the Board of Trade andbets on the price of grain.” 

“ The miners who delve a thousand feet into the earth or 
climb two thousand feet upon the cliffs and bring forth 
from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured 
in the channels of trade are as much business men as the 
few financial magnates, who, in a back room, corner the 
money of the world.” 

“ We come to speak for this broader class of business men. 
Ah, my friends, we say not one word against those who 

14 



live upon the Atlantic coast: but those hardy pioneers who 
braved all the dangers of the wilderness, who have made 
the desert to blossom as the rose—those pioneers away out 
there, rearing their children near to nature’s heart, where 
they mingle their voices with the voices of the birds—out 
there where they have erected schoolhouses for the educa¬ 
tion of their young and churches where they praise their 
Creator, and cemeteries where sleep the ashes of their dead 
—are as deserving of the consideration of this party as any 
people in this country.” 

” It is for these that w" speak. We do not come as aggres¬ 
sors. Our war is not a war of conquest. We are fighting in 
the defense of our homes our families, and posterity ” 

41 We have petitioned and our petitions have been scorned. 
We have have entreated and our entreaties have been dis¬ 
regarded. We have begged and they have mocked, and our 
calamitjr came.” 

44 We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no 
more. We defy them! 

44 The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was 
passed. It was not unconsitutional when it went before the 
Supreme Court for the first time. It did not become uncon¬ 
stitutional until one Judge changed his mind, and we can¬ 
not bp expected to know when a judge will change his 
mind.” 

44 When I find a man who is not willing to pay his share ot 
the burden of the government which protects him I find a 
man who is unworthy to enjoy the blessings of a government 
like ours.” 

“They complain about that plank which declares against 
the life tenure in office. They have tried to strain it to mean 
that which it does not mean. What we oppose in that plank 
is the life tenure that is being built up at Washington, which 
excludes from participation in the benefits the humbler 
members of our society.” 

“If they ask us here why it is that we say more on the 
money question than we say upon the tariff question, I 
reply that if protection has slain its thousands the gold stan¬ 
dard has slain its tens of thousands. If they ask us why we 
did not embodv all these things in our platform which we 
believe, we reply to them that when we have restored the 
monev of the Constitution all other necessary reforms will be 
possible, and that, until that is done, there is no reform that 
can be accomplished ” 

44 1 want to suggest this truth: That if the gold standard is 
a good thing, we ought to declare in favor of its retention 
and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard 
is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations 
are willing to help us to let go? ” 

15 




“ You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in 
favor of the gold standard. I tell you that these great cities 
rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your 
cities and leave our farms and your cities will spring up 
again as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass 
will grow in the streets of every city in this country.” 

“ Having behind us the commercial interests and the labor¬ 
ing interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer 
their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you 
shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown ot 
thorns.” 

“ You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.’ 

BOYS. A familiar name for the political hangers-on who 
can be depended upon to “ whoop her up” for a candidate, 
and the heelers of them, to do any little dirty tricks, in re¬ 
turn for free drinks, small change and minor offices. A 
“ heeler” is a less polite term (q.v.j. 

BREAD AND BI TTER BRIGADE. A term for the 
minor politicians desirous of feeding at the public crib. 

BRICK: “He’s a Brick.” A eulogistic expression of 
a candidate, implying his reliable, sterling qualities. Lycur- 
gus, King of Sparta, as we are told by Plutarch, on being- 
asked by an ambassador why the towns of Sparta had no 
walls, answered that they had walls, and he would show 
them to the questioner. On the next day the king led the 
ambassador to the plains, where the Spartan army was 
drawn up, and said, “There thou beholdest the walls of 
Sparta, and every man a brick.” 

BUGABOO. A bogie in politics. 

BULLDOZE. To intimidate for political purposes by 
violence or threats of violence. 

BUM, BUMMER. An idle, worthless fellow, the term 
being derived from the forager or camp-follower of Civil 
War days. See Heeler , Plug-Ugly. 

BUNCOMBE, BUNKUM. High-flown rubbish uttered 
for the sake of talking. The term is said to be derived from 
the utterances of a member of Congress for Buncombe 
county, North Carolina, who told his fellows that he was 
timply “talking for Buncombe.” 

BURGOO. A southern and southwestern name for a 
feast which precedes political meetings. See Barbecue and 
Love Feast. 

“ BURN THIS LETTER.” The postscript of a letter 
ascribed to James G. Blaine and published in the campaign 
of 1884. See Mulligan Letters. 

16 



BUSHWHACKER. A free-lance in politics, similar in 
his practices to the guerrilla of Civil War days. 

BUZZARD’S BAY. The country seat of President Gro¬ 
ver Cleveland, who has been unkindly termed (generally by 
the New York Sun) “ The Fat Fisherman of Buzzard’s Bay.” 
See Stuffed Prophet. Fat Prophet , IVillapus- Wollopus, Presi¬ 
dent Clam , Administration Resorts , and Cape May. 

BUZZARD DOLLAR. The name given by the oppo¬ 
nents of the Bland Bijl of 1878 to the silver dollar of 4i”^4 
grains, coined in accordance with that act. The sarcasm 
was leveled at the eagle on the reverse of the coin. See 
Bland Dollar. 

CABAL. A secret committee of politicians. 

C/ESARISM. Those are accused of Csesarism ( i.e ., im¬ 
perialism) who favor the re-election to the Presidency for a 
third term of one who has already held the office twice. See 
Third Term. 

CALICO CHARLEY. A nickname for Charles Foster, 
of Ohio. 

CAMPAIGN. A political contest; as, ‘‘the Presidential 
campaign of 1888,” “the Harrison campaign,” etc. 

CANAL BOY, THE. James Abram Garfield, twentieth 
President of the United States, whose first venture in life 
was as the driver of a canal-boat team. 

CANARD. A wonderful story that has no foundation in 
fact. 

CAPE MAY. A favorite summer residence of Benjamin 
Harrison when President. See Administration Reso> ts and 
Buzzard’s Bay. 

CARDS, ON THE. A term for a probable event. See 
Dark Horse , Presiden tial Possibility. 

CARLISLE’S FIVE POINTS. Five telling proposi¬ 
tions on the monetary question propounded by Secretary of 
the Treasury John G. Carlisle. They are as follows: Fifst, 
There is not a free-coinage country that is not on a silver 
basis. Second, There is not a gold-standard country that 
does not use silver as money along with gold Third, There 
is not a silver-standard country that uses any gold as money 
along with silver. Fourth, There is not a silver-standard 
country that has more than one-third as much money in 
circulation per capita as the United States has. Fifth, There 
is not a. silver-standard country where the laboring man re¬ 
ceives fair pay for his day 's work. 

17 




CARPETBAGGER. After the Civil War, numbers of 
Northerners went South, some with honest intent, others 
with the hope of profit from irregular means. Many were 
so poor that a carpetbag carried their worldly goods. Orig¬ 
inally, a carpetbagger was a “ wildcat banker’’ in the West 
—a banker, that is, who had no local abiding place and 
could not be found when wanted. 

CAUCUS. A meeting of partisans, Congressional or 
otherwise, to decide upon the action to be taken by the 
party. * 

CENTRALIZATION. The political creed which favors 
large powers for the general government as opposed to the 
limitations of State rights. 

CHAUVINISM. See Jingo and Spread-Eagleism. 

“CHINK! CHINK! CHINK!” The refrain of a 
“Bryan Silver March.” Kach of the verses concludes with 
these words: 

“ Chink, chink, chink, 

No crown of thorns for labor’s brow; 

Chink, chink, chink, 

No cross of gold for mankind now; 

Chink, chink, chink, 

We'll not to single standard bow; 

Chink, chink, chink, 

We vote for freedom now.” 

CHIN-MUSIC. A slang term for loud-mouthed oratory. 

CHIVALRY. “ The Southern chivalry” was a common 
phrase before and during the Civil War. It was claimed as 
a proud title by Southerners and their friends, but has 
always been heard and used in the North with a shade of 
derisive contempt. 

CIPHER DESPATCHES. After the closely-contested 
Presidential campaign of 1876, the New York Tribune se¬ 
cured a number of telegraphic despatches in cipher, which 
emanated from the Democratic headquarters in New York. 
The key was most ingeniously discovered and the despatches 
translated and published, implicating the senders in cor¬ 
rupt dealings of the most flagrant nature in connection with 
the bribery of State returning boards whose decisions af¬ 
fected the vote for President. 

CIRCLE. See Swinging Round the Circle. 

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. The correction of abuses 
in the public service, or, more specifically, the adoption of a 
system which shall not permit the removal of good and 

18 



faithful officers for party reasons, and which shall prevent 
appointment to office as a reward for partisan services. See 
Spoils , Vidors. 

CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY. A treaty concluded 
between Great Britain and the United States in July 4, 1850, 
negotiated by Secretary John M. Clayton and Sir Henry 
Bulwer. It related to the Nicaragua Canal, and forbade 
either country having the exclusive control of this water¬ 
way. 

CLEVELAND'S APHORISMS. See Public Office is a 
Public Trust; Honor Lies in Hottest Toil; Offensive Partisans; 
Labor is the Capital of Our Workingmen; Innocuous Desue¬ 
tude; The Government Should Not Support the People; A Con¬ 
dition :, not a Theory; A Roll of Honor; The Communism of 
Capital; Party Honesty. 

CLIMB INTO TIIE BAND-WAGON. See Band-Wagon. 

CLOSURE. A summary stop put to an otherwise endless 
debate when the sense of the majority demands a vote. See 
Gag. 

COALITION is politically applied to the union of two 
parties, or, as generally happens, portions of parties, who 
agree to sink their differences and act in common. 

COFFEE MONEY. A term for incidental expenses bor¬ 
rowed from the Boers, whose President, Paul S. J. Kruger, 
has a snug position from a pecuniary point of view. His 
salary as President is about $35,000 per annum, with $ - 2,000 
added for “ coffee money.’ 1 The latter is the Boer euphe¬ 
mism for entertaining purposes. 

COHESIVE POWER OF PUBLIC PLUNDER, THE. 

“A power has riseu up in the government greater than the 
people themselves, consisting of many and various and 
powerful interests combined in one mass and held together 
by the cohesive power of the vast surplus in the banks.”— 
John Caldwell Calhoun : speech in the United States Senate, 
May 27, 1836. 

COINAGE ON GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT. See Free 
Coinage. 

COIN AND TRILBY. Senator Palmer told a good story 
as illustrative of the mischievous influences of the publication 
called " Coin ” upon the farmers. He quoted some sentences 
from a letter written by an old soldier, formerly a member of 
his regiment: 11 Dear Gen’ral,” wrote the veteran, "two new 
books have come into my neighborhood lately, and they're 

19 




playin’ h—1 with Democracy. One is named ‘ Coin,’ and the 
boys all read it. The other’s called ‘Trilby,’ and the girls 
all read it.” 

COIN’S FINANCIAL, SCHOOL. A book written by 
William Henry Harvey, a young attorney of Colorado, and 
published in 1894-95. It professed to be an account of a series 
of lectures delivered by a boy of sixteen who was called Pro¬ 
fessor Coin. He advocated the free coinage of silver, and its 
author alleged that the boy discomfited many leading finan¬ 
ciers in his arguments. As a matter of fact, no such lectures 
were held, nor did any such persons attend any discussion 
with the youth. The whole story was a fiction, for the pur¬ 
pose of hanging a free-silver argument in a catching way. 
The book, as has been shown by many independently minded 
persons, is full of garbled and distorted statements, positive 
falsehoods, and inflammatory clap-trap. It has been shipped 
in car-load lots to propagate the free silver heresy, and has 
brought its author a comfortable income. No better answer 
to it can be found than “ A Freak in Finance,” by J F. Car¬ 
gill (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.); while for a masterly 
autobiography dealing largely with the finances of America 
“ John Sherman's Recollections” cannot be surpassed. 

COIN’S PANACEA FOR ILLS—WAR ! ‘A war 
with England would be the most popular ever waged 
on the face of the earth.—“ Coin's Financial School,” 
p. 132. ‘‘In such a war as they would wage the United 
States would grow wealthy and prosperous, as all nations 
do when there is an expansion of currency.”—From ” A Tale 
of Two Nations,” by W. H. Harvey, the author of “ Coin’s 
Financial School.” 

COLONELS. The inhabitants of Kentucky, from the 
number who claim to have risen to that rank in the Confed¬ 
erate army. 

COLONIZATION. A common trick in politics whereby, 
in doubtful districts, numbers of tramps, hobos, floaters and 
lodging-house occupants are imported into a doubtful dis¬ 
trict and registered with a view to dominating the vote of 
the district. The colonists are generally obliging, and for a 
pecuniary or liquid consideration will vote early and vote 
often; in other words, repeat. 

COMIC POLITICAL DICTIONARY. Apportionment 
—The redistrictiug of a State by a legislature with a majority 
of the party with which we are affiliated. (See Gerrymander.) 

• Arguments—The orderly setting forth of the principles of 
our party. (See rant.) 

Bribe—Money or other valuable thing paid by wire pullers 
of the other party for votes. 

20 



Candidate—Any disinterested and honest gentleman nom¬ 
inated for office by our party. (See office-seeker.) 

Cheers—Method of expressing enthusiasm adopted by ad¬ 
herents of our party. (See howls and yells.) 

Convention—A gathering of delegates of our party to form¬ 
ulate a platform and to nominate candidates. (See mob.) 

Demagogue—A prominent worker among the opposition. 
(See statesman.) 

Gudgeons—Persons who vote lor the candidates of the 
opposite party. 

Guff—The platform of the opposing party, spoken of as a 
whole. 

Henchmen—Adherents of the other political party, par¬ 
ticularly the workers (See wire-pullers and faithful.) 

Independents—Members of the other party who sometimes 
vote for our candidates. (See turncoats.) 

Roorback—Any report set afloat by political opponeuts on 
the eve of election. 

Ticket—The collective nominees of our party, selected by a 
freely acting, deliberative and representative gathering'of 
fairly elected delegates. (See slate.) 

Turncoats—Nominal adherents of our party who basely 
' desert and vote foi a candidate of the opposition. (See inde- 
! pendents.) 

Wire-pullers—Workers of the other party. (See log-roller.) 

Yells—The disorderly enthusiasm of .political opponents. 
(See cheers)— Puck. 

COMMANDMENT, THE ELEVENTH, or POLI¬ 
TICIAN’S.— Modern society has added a new command¬ 
ment to the Decalogue. The eleventh commandment is: 
“Thou Shalt Not Be Found Out.’’ 

COMMONWEALEHS. A body of men who started to 
march from Massillon, O., to Washington, under the lead¬ 
ership of Jacob S. Coxey, a Populist, and for the purpose of 
memorializing Congress to accede to Mr. Coxey’s peculiar 
views on Populism, free silver and good roads. The move¬ 
ment was not original, petitions in boots having been fre¬ 
quent in Russia for ages, and the Rlanketeer movement in 
England, which ended in the Peterloo Massacre, being dis¬ 
tinctly the prototypes of the Commonweal movement. 
Numerous other bands started acrbss the country, seized 
freight trains, and cajoled or terrorized the inhabitants into 
feeding them and supplying them with transportation. One 
band came from California. On reaching Washington the 
movement resolved itself into a ridiculous fiasco Coxey and 
his lieutenant refused to keep off the grass: were arrested 
by the capitol police, and sentenced to short terms in jail. 
His followers dispersed to serve vagrancy sentences, or to 
accept free transportation home. 

21 







COMMUNISM OF CAPITAL, THE. Grover Cleve¬ 
land’s Annual Message, 1888. 

CONDITION—NOT A THEORY. A. It is a condition 
which confronts us—not a theory. Grover Cleveland s An¬ 
nual Message, 1887. 

CONFEDERATE MONEY DROPPED, HOW THE 
PRICE OF. When the first issue of the Confederate money 
was scattered among the people, it commanded a slight 
premium It then scaled down as follows: June, 1861. Tec; 
D' cember 1, 1861, 8Uc; December 15. 1861, 75c: February 1 . 
18^, 60c; February 1, 1863. 2uc; June, 1863,8; January, 18 '4, 
2c; November, 1864, 4 1/ 2 c; January. 1865, 2 l Ac\ April 1, 1865, 
lv,c. After lhat date it took from $800 to $l,OU0 in Confeder¬ 
ate money to buy a one-dollar greenback. 

CONTRACT LABOR, The illegal hiring of aliens to 
work in America. 

CONVENTIONS. The different parties in counties, 
States, and in the nation at large, usually hold conventions 
prior to important elections Delegates are selected in the 
various local polbical subdivisions. National conventions 
are held for the purpose of nominating candidates for the 
Presidency. The delegates number many hundreds, and the 
votes a e recorded as the roll of Sta esis called from the pre¬ 
siding officer’s desk. National conventions date back to 
1830. Prior to that time general nominations were made in 
Washington, the Congressmen representing the two great 
parties meeting in caucus for the purpose. Increased facil¬ 
ities for travel made really national conventions possible, 
but it was many years before they attained their existing 
perfection of organization. 

CONVICT LABOR. A cry of the labor party directed 
against the employment of convicts in competition with 
recognized industries. 

COOP. To “coop voters” is to collect them, as it were, 
in a coop or cage, so as to be sure of their services on elec¬ 
tion d y Liquor dealers are too often the “ coopers,” for 
obvious reasons. 

“COTTON IS KING.” An expression of Senator Ham¬ 
mond in the United States Senate in March, 1858. 

COTTON STATES. South Carolina, Georgia, Flotida, 
Alabama. Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas are ^o called. 

COXEYITES. See Commonwcalers , Kellyites. Ra >t da Hites. 

2i , 



CRACKERS, or CORNCRACKERS. In general, the 
poor and ignorant whites of the Southern States. The name 
arises from the usual article of food among these people, 
namely, Indian corn cracked or ground into a coarse meal. 

CRANK. A man or woman with wheels in the head, 
i.e. y mentally unbalanced. Guiteau, the assassin of Garfield, 
was the first to whom the name was applied. Used of a 
howling dervish in politics. 

CRAWFISH. To retire, gracefully or otherwise; to 
“ back out.” From the habit of the crawfish, which, when 
attacked on land, walks backward, with its biting claws 
raised before it for defense. 

CREDIT MOBILIER. The name by which “The 
Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency” was popularly known. Its 
proceedings were the subject of Legislative inquiry, and 
charges were made against several members of the Forty- 
second Congress. Two were censured. 

CRIAIE OF 1873, THE. Consists, according to the 
Free Silver party, in the surreptitious passage of the Act of 
1873. A great interest centers in this act, because not only 
was it regarded as a great crime to “ demonetize” silver, but 
it was also supposed to have gone through Congress “ like 
the silent tread of a cat.” In order to understand the mat¬ 
ter fully, one should first know what the act of February 12, 
1873, was. No codification of the mint laws had been made 
since 1837, and a complete revision of all technical matters 
of assayage and coinage was undertaken in 1870. An at¬ 
tempt was made to get as nearly a perfect system as possi¬ 
ble; consequently, the authorities sent out to scores of experts 
the new provisions lor criticism. Many replies came in, and 
can all be found in H. R. Executive Document No. 307, sec¬ 
ond session Forty-first Congress. n this original bill sent 
out for suggestions, a silver dollar of 384 grains, standard 
weight {i.e , 34a.6 grains pure silver), was proposed, or one 
just equal to the dollar’s value of subsidiary coin® issued 
since 1853 In the beginning it was clear that the old silver 
dolla; - piece was to be dropped. The bill was submitted to 
Congre-s by the Secretary of the Treasury April 25, 1870; and 
after having been printed thirteen times, after having been 
discus-ed to the extent of 144 columns of the “ Congressional 
Globe,” it did not become a law until February 12. 1873, The 
act as finally passed is as follows, so far as it is ot interest: 

“Sec. 4 That the gold coins of the United States shall be a 
one-dollar piece, which, at the standard weight of 25.8 
grains, shall be the unit of value. [Then follow' directions 
as to the other gold coins ] 

Sec. 15. That the silver coins of the United States shall be 

23 




a trade dollar, a half dollar or fifty-cent piece, a quarter 
dollar or twenty-five-ceni piece, a dime or ttu-ceuL piece; 
and the weight of t he trade dollar shall be 420 grains troy; 
the weight of the half dollar shall be twelve grams and one- 
half of a gram; the quarter dollar and the dime shall be, re¬ 
spectively, one-half and one-fifth of ihe weight of said half 
dollar: and said coins shall be a legal tender at their nomi¬ 
nal value for any amount not exceeding $5 in any one pay¬ 
ment. 

Sec. 17. That no coins, either of gold, silver or minor coin¬ 
age, shall hereafter be issued from the mint other than those 
of the denominations, standards and weights herein set 
/forth.” 

This is the whole of the much-famed act of 1873 which 
deals with the “ demonetization’’ of silver. In the discus¬ 
sions in Congress, no opposition whatever was manifested 
to the omission of the 4t2*4-grain silver dollar, because it 
had not been in circulation since 1840. The omission at¬ 
tracted no attention for one reason, since no such coins were 
in use. The procedure as to the Act of 1873, when tabu¬ 
lated, reads as follows: 


Procedure. 


Senate. House. 


Submitted by Sec y of the Treasury 
Referred to Senate Fin. Committee 

Five hundred copies printed. 

Submitted to House . 

Reported, amended, and ordered 

printed . 

Debated . 

Passed by vote of 36 to 14. 

Senate bill ordered printed. 

Bill reported with substitute and re¬ 
committed ... 

Original bill reintroduced and 

printed. 

Reported and debated. 

Recommitted. ... . 

Reported back, amended and 

printed . 

Debated. 

Amended and passed by vote of 110 

to 1 3. 

Printed <n Senate. 

Reported, amended and printed ... 
Reported, amended and printed ... 

Passed Senate. 

Printed with amendments: confer- 

* nee committee appointed. 

Became a law February 12, 1873. 

24 


April 25, ’70 
April 28, ’70 
May 2, '70 

June 


25, ’70 


Dec. 19, ’70 
Jan. 9, ’71 
Jan. 10,’71 


May 29, ’72 
Dec. 16, ’12 
Jan. 7. ’ i3 
Jan. 17,’73 


Jan. 13,’71 

Feb. 25, ’71 

Mar. 9. ’71 
Jan. 9, ’72 
Jan. 10,’72 

Feb. 13,’72 
April 4 9, ’72 

May 27,’72 


Jan. 21,’73 



















“CROW, CHXPMAN, CROW.” CROWING COCK. 

See Democratic Rooster. 

CROW. “To eat Crow” means to recant or to humiliate 
one’s self. To “eat dirt” is nearly equivalent. 

CRUCIFIED ON A CROSS OF GOLD. An ex¬ 
pression not original, with which W. J, Bryan the Popocrat 
nominee for the Presidency in 18.16, closed hi* electric 
speech before the convention. See Boy Orator of the Platte. 

“CUCKOO.” A political epithet invented by Senator 
Morgan, of Alabama, in discussing the silver question, to 
describe those Democrats in Congress who were in the habit 
of waiting for orders from the White House before forming 
any opinions. He said: “The trumpet had sounded, the 
forces were marshaled, the cl 'ck had struck at the White 
House, and the cuckoos here all put their heads out of the 
obxes and responded to inform us ofthetimeofday, but they 
did not seem fully to know what they were talking about 
and never took pains to find out the state of the law.”—Octo¬ 
ber 18 , 1895. 

CUMULATIVE VOTE is the system introduced into 
England in 1870 by which each person has as many votes as 
there are candidates, and the voter may give all the votes to 
one or distribute them as he thinks fit. It is only recognized 
at school board elections. 

CURRENCY QUESTION. Declarations of Political Par¬ 
ties on the S'lver and Tariff Issues in Their National Conven¬ 
tions of 1892 . 

Democratic National Convention. —We denounce the Re¬ 
publican legislation known as the Sherman act of 1890 as a 
cowardly make-shift, fraught with possibilities of danger in 
the future, which should make all of its supporters, as well 
as its author, anxious for its speedy repeal. We hold to the 
use of both gold and silver as the standard money of the 
country, and to the coinage of both gold and silver without 
discriminating against either metal or charge for mintage, 
but the dollar unit of the coinage of both metals must be of 
equal intrinsic and exchangeable value, or be adjusted 
through international agreement, or by such safeguards of 
legislation as shall injure the maintenance of the parity of 
the two metals, and the equal power of every dollar at all 
times in the markets, and in payment of debt: and we de¬ 
mand that all paper currency shall be kept at par with and 
redeemable with such coin. We insist upon this policy as 
especially necessary for the protection of the farmers and 
laboring classes, the first and most defenseless victims of 
unstable money and a fluctuating currency. 

or 




Republican National Convention .—The American people, 
from traditi n and interest, favor bimetallism, and the Re¬ 
publican party demands the use of both gold and silver as 
standard money, with restrictions and under such provisions, 
to be determined by legislation, as will secure the main¬ 
tenance of the parity of values of the two metals, so that 
the purchasing and debt-paying power of the dollar, 
whether of silver, gold, or paper, shall be at all times equal. 
The interests of the producers of the country, its farmers 
and its workingmen, demand that every dollar, paper or 
coin, issued by the Government, shall be as good as any 
other. We commend the wise and patriotic steps already 
taken by our Government to secure an international confer¬ 
ence to adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value 
between gold and silver for use as money throughout the 
world. 

Prohibition Party National Convention .—The money of the 
country should consist of gold, silver and paper, and should 
be issued by the General Government only, and in sufficient 
quantities to meet the demands of business and give full op¬ 
portunity for the empioyment of labor. To this end an in¬ 
crease in the volume of money is demanded, and no indi¬ 
vidual or corporation should be allowed to make any profit 
through its issue. It should be made a legal tender for the 
payment of all debts, public and private. Its volume should 
be fixed at a definite sum per capita and made to increase 
with our increase in population. 

People's Party National Convention .—We demand a national 
currency, safe, sound and flexible, issued by the Geneial 
Government only, a full legal tender for all debts, public and 
private, and that without the use of banking corporations, a 
just, equitable and efficient means of distribution direct to 
the people at a tax not to exceed 2per cent per annum, to be 
provided as set forth in the sub-treasury plan of the Farm¬ 
ers’ Alliance, or a better system : also by payments in dis¬ 
charge of its obligations for public improvements. 1. We 
demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the 
present legal ratio of 16 to 1. 2. We demand that the amouut 
of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than 
$50 per capita. 

CZAR CRISP. A nickname bestowed upon Speaker C. 
F. Crisp by those who disliked his rulings. 

CZAR REED. A similar epithet applied to Thomas B. 
Reed, .Speaker of the House of Representatives, by those 
who disliked his methods and rulings. 

DARK HORSE. A term adopted into politics from the 
slang of the race course. It is used to describe a candidate 
kept in the background and suddenly sprung on a convention. 

26 



DEARLY PARALLEL,, THE. William J. Bryan’s fig¬ 
ure of speech, “the crown of thorns on the brow of labor,” 
caught the crowd in the Popocratic National Convention and 
he was nominated. The source of Mr. Bryan’s inspiration, 
it seems, from later research, was a speech delivered by Con¬ 
gressman McCall of Massachusetts in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives on January 29, 1894. Mr. Brj^an was there and 
listened to the speech. It was an argument against the 
Wilson Bill, but the rhetoric, it appears, was culled by Mr. 
Bryan for future use. Here are the extracts from the McCall 
and the Bryan speeches: 

* * * * * * 

Mr. McCall, January 26, 1894. 

—Having behind us the com¬ 
mercial interests and the la¬ 
boring interests and all the toil¬ 
ing masses, we shall answer 
their demands for a gold stand¬ 
ard by saying to them: “You 
shall not press down upon the 
brow of labor this crown of 
thorns. You shall not crucify 
mankind upon across of gold.” 

* * * * * * 

Bryan has been termed “The Boy Plagiarist” of the Platte 
for this appropriation. 

“ DEAR BEAVER, DON’T TALK.” A letter attributed 
to Senator Quay. A newspaper man desired an interview 
with Governor Beaver of Pennsylvania. He asked Quay to 
help him, and carried a letter to the governor in the above 
terms. 

DEBS, EUGENE V. President of the A. R. U. (q.v.). 
See Green Cucumbers. 


****** 
Mr. Bryan, July 9, 1896.— 
Do you regard your bill with 
1 reference to labor? Ready 
as j'ou have ever been to 
betray it with a kiss, you 
scourge it to the very quick, 
and press a crown of thorns 
upon its brow. You’ shall 
not crucify mankind upon a 
cross of gold. 

* * * * * . * 


DEBSTSM. A term coined at the time of the A. R. U. 
riots (q v.). Debsism was a law unto itself which would dictate 
terms even to the Federal power, and break United States 
statutes at will. Its ant'dote was a bayonet in the hands ot 
a boy in blue. See Green Cucumbers , Altgeld , States Rights . 


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. See Glitter¬ 
ing Generalities. 


DEMOCRACY is government of the people by them¬ 
selves; more broadly, the people who desire to exercise sov¬ 
ereignty either directly or indirectly. 


DEMOCRACY’S DOLLAR. 

it “A dollar worth a dollar.” 
fighting for it and living it. The 

27 


Martin Van Buren stated 
S J. Tilden was all his life 
first planks of the platform 






upon which he stood in 1874, repeated during- every year of 
his leadership, were: “First, Gold and silver only legal 
tender; no currency incontrovertible with coin. Second, 
Steady steps toward specie payments. No step backward. 
Third, Honest payment of all public debts in coin. Sacred 
preservation of the public faith.” 

DEMOCRAT. Democratic Republican is the full official 
designation of this great party. It was, by a suggestive coin¬ 
cidence, originally, and until 1828-110, known as the Repub¬ 
lican party but affiliating at that time with the Democratic 
faction, is assumed the compound title which it still bears. 

DEMOCRAT, I AM A. Senator D. B. Hill thrilled an 
audience of Democrats at Brooklyn when he opened a cam¬ 
paign in that city. There were 7,<>00 or 8,000 people present. 
Hill stood on the platform. He waited for five minutes. The 
applause that greeted him was intense, but after the cheer¬ 
ing had subsided he stood still and listless for fully a min¬ 
ute. Then in the intensity of silence, with every ear on 
the alert, he thundered forth, “I am a Democrat!” 

DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE. The administration 

of the auti-Federalists began in 1801. Its members soon be¬ 
gan to be called “Democrats,” or Jefferson Democrats, and 
the other titles were gradually dropped. One of Mr. Jeffer¬ 
son’s early acts was to transfer at once the chief offices to 
members of his own party; internal revenues were abolished, 
and the Sedition and Alien laws were repealed. He was re¬ 
elected in 1804. The sympathy of the Democrats with 
France, as against England, whose conduct on the seas ren¬ 
dered her obnoxious to the people of the United States, 
caused the success of the party in the election of James Mad¬ 
ison to the Presidency in 1808, and his re-election in 1812. 
The success of the administration in the war of 1812 still 
kept the party in power, as it did also during the two Presi¬ 
dential terms of James Monroe. In the election of 1824 the 
party became divided. There were four Presidential candi¬ 
dates, all claiming to be Democrats, viz.: John Q. Adams, 
Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and W. H. Crawford. As no 
candidate received a majority of all the electoral votes, the 
election was thrown into the House of Representatives, and 
Mr. Adams was elected President, John C Calhoun being 
Vice-President by the electoral votes. The next quadrennial 
election was without political party interest, and the choice 
one of popular personal preference, resulting after a sharp 
struggle in the -uecess of General Jackson, the “Hero of 
New Orleans.” The political features of President Jackson’s 
administration were the opposition to the United States 
Bank, the denial of the right of any State to nullify the laws 
of Congress, and the practical observance of the doctrine 

28 



that to the party in power belong the spoils of office. 
In 1836, through the influence of Gener.al Jackson and 
his friends, Martin Van Buren was nominated and elected 
President. During his administration the country passed 
through a severe commercial ordeal. The many State banks 
that had come into operation after the overflow of the United 
States Bank deluged the country with an inflated paper cur¬ 
rency, and disaster followed. The people held the adminis¬ 
tration responsible, and in 1840 the opposition, which had 
commenced during the incumbency of Jackson, became suf¬ 
ficiently strong to secure the election of General Harrison. 
Thus, after forty years of Government control, the anti- 
Federalists and the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democrats 
suffered defeat at the polls. 

DEMOCRATIC ROOSTER Every Democratic news¬ 
paper has on hand a cut of a “rooster” in the act of crow¬ 
ing. This is invariably printed at the head of a column an¬ 
nouncing a party victory. 

DIRT. To “eat dirt” is to retract, to “eat liumble-pie.” 
No doubt ascribable to the old figure of speech which made 
the vanquished “bite the dust.” 

DISGRUNTLED. A term applied to a politician who 
has quarreled with his party. See Sore-Head , Bolter and Mug¬ 
wump. 

DISORDERED CURRENCY, A. “ A disordered cur¬ 
rency is fatal to industry, frugality and economy. It fosters 
the spirit of speculation ancf extravagance. It is the most 
effectual of inventions to fertilize the r ch man’s fields with 
the sweat of the poor man’s brow.”—Daniel Webster. 

DOLLAR, THE BLAND. See Bland Dollar. 

DOLLAR OF OUR DADDIES. A catch phrase much 
used by the Free Silver party to evoke an interest in the 
coin which our daddies seldom or never saw. The phrase 
“dollar of the fathers” is purely demagogical as applied by 
the Free Silver orators. The daddies never handled any 
American-coined silver bullion. There were some Spanish 
and Mexican dollars in circulation, some French five-franc 
pieces and some German thalers, but no “ dollars of our 
daddies ” The dollars of the daddies were gold dollars. It 
was not till 1879 that any American silver dollars were ever 
seen in circulation among the people. 

DOLLAR, THE STANDARD SILVER. The coinage 
of the standard silver dollar was first authorized by Act of 
April 2, 1792. Its weight was to be 416 grains standard silver; 
fineness, 892.4, which was equivalent to 371J4 grains of fine 

29 




silver, with 1\% grains of pure copper alloy. This weight 
was changed by act of January 18, 183?, to 41214 grains, 
and fineness changed to 1*00,' thus preserving the same 
amount of pure silver as before. By act of February 12, 1873, 
the coinage -was discontinued. The total number of silver 
dollars coined from 1792 to 1873 was 8,045,838. The act of 
1873 provided for the coinage of the “trade dollar,” of weight 
420 grains, and an act passed in June, 1874, ordered that all 
diver coins should only be “legal tender at their nominal 
value for amounts not exceeding $5.” The effect of these 
acts was the “demonetization” of silver, of which so much 
has been said. February 28, 1878, the coinage of the standard 
dollar of 41214 grains was revived by act of Congress: $2 000.- 
0 0 per month "was ordered coined, and the coins were made 
legal tender for all debts, public and private. From Feb¬ 
ruary. 1878. to November 1, 1885, 213,257,594 of these standard 
dollars were coined under the above act. See Bland Dollar. 

DOLLAR, TRADE. A silver coin issued from 1873 to 1874 
for use in China to compete with the Spanish and Mexican 
dollars. It was not intended for circulation in the United 
States, though until 1876 it was a legal tender up to five dol¬ 
lars. Its actual value was less than that of the standard 
dollar. See Bland Dollar. 

DOLLAR WENT FARTHER TN THOSE DAYS. A. 

The witty reply to an Englishman’s inquiry as to Washing¬ 
ton’s ability to throw a dollar across the Potomac. 

DOUBLE STANDARD. A countrv is said to have the 
double standard when both gold and silver are legal tender. 
See Legal Tender. 

DRYS. A nickname for the Prohibition or total absti¬ 
nence party. See IVets. 

DUDES AND PHARISEES. A name for the “ Mug¬ 
wumps” (q.v.). 

EARTHQUAKE ALLEN. Same as Ohio Gong, (q.v.) 

EGYPT. The district around Cairo in Southern Illinois. 

ELECTIONEERING. A phrase in politics covering like 
charity, a multitude of sins. While including legitimate 
effort on behalf of a candidate, its more general use includes 
the shady practices frequent on an election day. 

ELECTORS. The President is not chosen by a direct 
vote of the people. The voters of each State choose as many 
“electors” as the Sta’e has representatives in both Houses of 
Congress These meet and vote for President and Vice-Presi¬ 
dent under certain constitutional restrictions. Collectively, 

30 




these electors are known as “the Electoral College,” though 
this term is not recognized as an official designation in the 
Constitution, and was not used even informally until about 
1821. Many of the clearest-headed statesmen now living be¬ 
lieve that a direct vote would more fairly represent the 
popular will. 

ELEPHANT. “The Republican Elephant” made his first 
appearance in “Harper’s Weekly’’ (1868) in a cartoon drawn 
by Mr. Thomas Nast. The aptness of the conception at once 
appealed to the popular sense, the intelligence, vis inertia , 
aud general unwieldiness of the dominant party being 
among its recognized characteristics. After that Mr. Nast 
made frequent use of the idea in his political cartoons, and 
eventually the elephant became common property. See 
Tiger. 

“ENERVATING PATERNALISM.” Grover Cleve¬ 
land, Annual Message, December, 1895. 

ENTANGLING ALLIANCES. “Equal and exact justice 
to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or po¬ 
litical; peace, commerce and honest friendship with all na¬ 
tions, entangling alliances with none.”—Thomas Jeffer¬ 
son, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801. 

EVILS OF A DEPRECIATED CURRENCY. In 

France the penalty for refusing to take assignats at par was 
hanging: aud yet their value depreciated so that it took a 
basketful of money to buy a candle. And so it has been in 
all the history of money. And so it is to-day in silver-using 
countries. Where silver is the only legal tender money its 
value rests on its own intrinsic worth. The legal lender 
power of Mexican law does not give a Mexican silver dollar 
any additional value beyond its intrinsic worth in the 
markets of the world. It is to-day worth one-half of an 
American gold dollar. The American silver dollar is main¬ 
tained at par with gold by a system of quasi-redemption in 
gold, not by the legal tender power pure and simple. 

FAIR TRADE. The happy medium between absolute 
protection and free trade. See Protection for Revenue Only. 

FATHER OF THE INTER-STATE COMMERCE 

LAW. Shelby L- Cullom, of Illinois, is so called. 

FATHER OF THE PAPER CURRENCY, THE. 

Abraham Clark, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

FAT PROPHET. A term applied to President Cleve¬ 
land by the New York Sun. 

31 




FAVORITE SON. This terra became so common, used 
in reference to local or State politicians about 1806, that the 
A ation at last made it the text for an editorial article so 
severely satirical that “favorite sous” have uot been so 
numerous since its publication. It occurs in the Nation a£ 
early as J uly 9, 1808. 

FENCE. To be “ on the fence” in politics is to be neutral 
as regards the opposing parties. 

FENCES. See Mending His Fences. 

FENIAN. As generally understood in America, the “ Fe¬ 
nian Brotherhood” is a league pledged to the liberation of 
Ireland. 

FEW DIE, NONE RESIGN. ‘ If a due participation 
of office is a matter of right, how are vacancies to be ob¬ 
tained? Those by death are few; b}' resignation, none.”— 
Thomas Jefferson to a Committee of the Merchants of New 
Haven, Conn., 1801. 

F. F. V.’s. A satirical abbreviation of “ First Families 
of Virginia,” applied generally to what was known as the 
Southern aristocracy. 

FIAT MONEY. Currency which is based simply upon a 
governmental enactment, or “fiat,” and which has no in¬ 
trinsic value. To have real value, it must be backed up by 
some provision for redemption. 

FIL1 BUSTER. To obstruct legislative action by calling 
for the j'eas and nays, and the like, in order to gain time. 
Filibustering is usually practiced by the minority in order 
to tire out the majority. 

FINANCIAL, QUESTIONS. “Those who approach these 
[financial] questions for the first time decide them at once. 
Those who study them with care, hesitate. Those obliged 
to decide them are overwhelmed with the weight of enormous 
responsibility.”—Senator Dumas in the French Legislative 
Chamber. 

FINANCIER OF THE REVOLUTION, THE. Robert 

Morris, who attained such credit and distinction that his 
personal notes circulated like the currency of a sovereign. 

FIRE-EATER. A bitter .Southern partisan. 

FLAG. “We join ourselves to no party that does not 
carry the flag and keep step to the music of the Union.” 
— Rufus Choate, in letter to (Worcester) Whig Convention, 
October 1, 1855. 

32 - 



FLOATERS. Voters of uncertain political affiliations, 
who may perchance be secured by the highest bidder. See 
Blocks of Five. 

FLY-UP-THE-CREEK. A noisy demagogue, vox et 
preterea nihil. See Windbag and Blatherskite. 

F. M. C.’s. The Free Men of Color in Louisiana were so 
styled in all legal documents up to the Emancipation Procla¬ 
mation. 

FORCE BILE. 1. A bill passed by Congress to enforce 
the tariff. It was occasioned by the" ordinance passed by 
South Carolina, November 24, 1832, nullifying the tariff acts 
of 18^8 and 1832, and became law March 2, 1833. Also called 
the “Bloody Bill.” 2. A bill for the protection of political 
and civil rights in the South, passed in 1870. 3. A bill with 
the same purpose as the preceding passed in 1871. 4. A pop¬ 
ular name for the Lodge election bill, which passed the Re¬ 
publican House of Representatives in 1890, but failed to pass 
the Senate in 1891. It became a leading party measure. It 
was designed “to amend and supplement ihe election laws 
of the United States, and to provide for the more efficient en¬ 
forcement of such laws, and for other purposes.” 

FREE COINAGE is a term used to signify that the mint 
is open to any one who may choose to bring bullion to be 
coined: when the bullion produces more dollars than it 
co-ts, the difference is, of course, profit, and in the case of 
free coinage the owner gets it. When, as in the Uni ed 
States, bullion is bought by the Government, the profit, or 
seigniorage , is retained by it. This is termed coining on Gov¬ 
ernment account. 

FREE COINAGE, THE RESULT OF. A merchant 
of the world wide experience of John V. Farwell says that 
from free coinage would follow: “1. Premium on gold, meas¬ 
ured by the violence of the panic which would follow the 
withdrawal of gold from our currency, and the enforced pay¬ 
ment of gold mortgages at a premium. Will ‘Coin’ please 
measure it for his readers in the light of past history, so 
they can realize the danger of it ? I have more faith in the 
radical, honest common sense of the average farmer and 
laborer, when they have good reasons from facts given them 
and.set over against theories with no facts to sustain them. 
2. Practical repudiation of debts not payable in gold up to 
the difference between the value of gold and silver as estab¬ 
lished by such a law and by the aid of the panic that would 
follow it. 3. A complete revolution in business methods to 
conform them to the new silver standard of value.” 

FREE SILVER. See Free Coinage. 

33 




FREE SILVER AND SALARIES. If a man is in debt 
and no money is due him, it will pay him to have a silver 
standard, for he can get rid of half his debts. But if a man 
is a creditor, and has money loaned or deposited in the bauk, 
a silver standard would be extremely injurious to him. for 
it would cause the loss of one half of all coming to him. 
Then there is the man who works for wages or a salary. Is 
it likely that his wages will be raised when the change is 
made? 'Everybody knows that the most difficult thing in the 
world is to get wages raised. When dollars shall come to be 
worth only fifty cents, the w r orkingman will get just as 
many dollars as before, but they will be worth only half as 
much as formerly.—New Orleans Picayune. 

FREE SILVER, MONOMETALLISM. “ A free silver 
coinage man is a monometallist, not a bimetallist. Free silver 
by this country alone means what it does in the semi-civi¬ 
lized countries—distinct monometallism.” . . . “The 

final test of coined money is that it shall be worth as much 
when run into bars as when it is in coin. If it will stand that 
test, it is world-money, and all coined money should stand 
it.”—William Brough in 11 The Natural Law of Money.” 

FREE SOIL, FREE PRESS, FREE SPEECH, FREE 
PEN. The first Republican legend. The party rallying 
cry, 1856. 

FREE TRADE. The antithesis and opposite of protec¬ 
tion. In other words, allowing the pauper labor of Europe 
to flood the American market with their goods, starving the 
American workingman. 

FROST. A lack of popular enthusiasm experienced by a 
candidate. The simile is taken from agriculture, and a 
man’s boom is said to be nipped by a frost. See Boom. 

FRYING THE FAT. An expression which obtained 
much popularity at the time of the McKinley Bill. It was 
suggested that certain manufacturers whose products were 
to be benefited by a prohibitive tariff were told in no uncer¬ 
tain terms that they must contribute largely to the Repub¬ 
lican campaign fund. This is called Lying the fat out of 
them. 

GAG LAW, GAG RULE. The closure (q.v.). An ex¬ 
cellent remedy; much detested by windbags (q.v.). 

GERRYMANDER (pronounced with the g hard, as in 
get). ‘‘To gerrymander” a State is to arrange its political 
subdivisions so that in an election one party shall have an 
advantage over another. The term is derived from the name 
of Governor Gerry, of Massachusetts, who, in 1811, signed a 

84 



bill readjusting the representative districts so as to favor the 
Democrats and weaken the Federalists, although the last- 
named party polled nearly two-thirds of the votes cast. 
Other notable instances of gerrymandering are found in the 
“ Shoe-String District” in Mississippi, the ” Monkey-Wrench 
District ” of Iowa, the “ Dumbbell District” of Pennsylvania, : 
and the “ Horseshoe District” of New York. 

“ GIVE ME LIBERTY, OK GIVE ME DEATH!” 
Patrick Henry, in March, 1775, delivered a speech in the 
Virginia Convention in favor of a resolution “ that the col¬ 
ony be immediately put in a state of defense.” In conclud¬ 
ing his address, the impassioned son of Hanover county 
said: ” Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at 
the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! 

I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give 
me liberty, or give me death!” 

GLAD HAND, TO GIVE A. A slang expression for a 
political welcome to a friend in need. 

GEITTERING GENERALITIES. “The glittering 
and sounding generalities of natural right, which make up 
the Declaration of Independence.’’—Rufus Choate in a letter 
to the Maine Whig Committee, 1856. 

GOLD, A TON OF, VALUE. Value of a ton of gold 
and a ton of silver: The value of a ton of pure gold is 
$602,799.21; $1,000,000 gold coin weigh 3,685,8 lbs. avoirdupois. 
The value of a ton of silver is $37,704.84; $1,000,000 silver coin 
weigh 58,929.9 lbs. avoirdupois. 

GOLDBUG. An epithet applied to sound money men . 
by the Free Silver demagogues. There is no goldbug party 
in this country in the sense of a party favoring gold mono¬ 
metallism. All sound money men, unless it be a few bank 
ers or doctrinaires and their echoes, are for bimetallism— 
the coinage and use of both gold and silver at an honest 
ratio as money of equal value and necessity. 

GOLD, QUEER FACTS ABOUT. A cubic inch of gold 
is worth, in round numbers, $210; a cubic foot, $362,380, and 
a cubic yard, $9,797,762, this on the basis of $18 per ounce. 
At the beginning of the Christian era there was $427,000,000 
of gold in the world, but at the time of the discovery of 
America the total of the world’s gold supply had been re¬ 
duced to $57 000,000. The amount of gold now in use is esti¬ 
mated as being worth $10,000,000,(00. 

“GOOD BYE, OLD PARTY, GOOD BYE!” A 
campaign song very popular with the Populist party and 
Farmers’ Alliance party in 1890 in Kansas. They claimed 
they set the prairies afire and elected W. A. Pfeffer as 
United States Senator. 




GOOD ENOUGH MORGAN UNTIE AFTER THE 
ELECTION, A. “That is a good enough Morgan for us 
until you bring back the one you carried off.’’—Thurlow 
Weed, 1797-1882 Reply to the counsel for the kidnappers ot 
Morgan, with reference to the body of one Timothy Monroe, 
1827. 

GOOSE AND GRIDIRON. Burlesque nicknames for 
the American eagle and the United States flag. 

GOTHENBURG FEAN. The essential feature of*the 
Gothenburg plan for regulating the liquor traffic is that the 
trade in liquor is placed in the hands of state controlled and 
chartered companies. These companies may make a certain 
profit; all above that is spent on works of public benefit. 
The plan has worked well in Norway and Sweden; its intro¬ 
duction into Great Britain has been opposed by many of the 
most ardent temperance (not prohibition) workers of that 
country. 

GOVERNMENT BY INJUNCTION. A phrase in¬ 
vented in and current after the railroad riots of the Debsites 
in 1894. The United States courts issued injunctions re¬ 
straining the rioters from interfering with the mails or 
with Inter-State commerce. For violating these mandates 
many, including Debs, were imprisoned, and the Federal 
troops enforced the orders of the courts, much to the disgust 
of Governor Altgeld. See Altgeld and Anarchy , and A. R. U. 

GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT SUPPORT THE 
PEOPLE, THE. “ Though the people support the Govern¬ 
ment, the Government should not support the people.” 
Grover Cleveland, Veto of Texas Seed Bill, February 16, 
1887. . ' 

GRAND OED PARTY, G. O. P. The Republicans. 
The name was at first used in good faith by Republican 
campaign orators about 1880, but it was soon derisively ab¬ 
breviated into G. O. P by the opposing faction, and so much 
fun was made of it bv Democratic orators and the comic 
papers that by the close ot the campaign it was rarely used 
seriously. 

GRANGERS. “The Patrons of Husbandry,” a secret 
society, nominally non political, but really taking a hand in 
politics when occasion offered to favor agricultural interests. 
During the decade ending 1870 it attained great numerical 
strength and extended throughout the United States. 

GREAT COMMONER. Thaddeus Stevens. 

36 




GREENBACK. The term was at first applied to the 
issue of United States notes, which bore on the reverse side 
a device printed in green ink to prevent counterfeiting by 
photography. The Greenback Labor party advocates a cur¬ 
rency based in general terms upon the national credit and 
authority without the secxirity of a specie reserve. 

GREENBACK BILL. See Ohio Gong. 

GREENBACK ER. A member of the Greenback party, 
organized at Indianapolis in November, 1874, who opposed 
the specie resumption. The platform advocated the with¬ 
drawal of all National and State bank currency, and the 
substitution therefor of paper currency issued by the Gov¬ 
ernment, and that coins should only be used in payment of 
interest ou the national debt. 

GREENBACK LABOR PARTY. An outcome of the 
Greenback party, formed in Ohio in 1875, by a fusion of 
the labor reformers and the remains of the old Greenback 
party. In 1887 the Union Labor party was organized. Its 
platform was similar to the Greenback party, with demands 
for certain labor legislation. 

GREENBACK PARTY, THE (called by its members 
the Independent National), was organized in 1876, and was 
the outgrowth of the Gi'angerand Labor Reform movements. 
Its convention at Indianapolis in May, 1876, “ demanded the 
unconditional repeal of the Specie Resumption Act of Janu¬ 
ary 14, 1875,” urged the issue of United States notes as a cir¬ 
culating medium, and the suppression of bank paper, and 
protested against the further issuing of gold bonds, and the 
purchase of silver to replace the fractional currency. Peter 
Cooper was nominated for President, and received 81,740 
votes. In 1880 its candidate was James B. Weaver, who re¬ 
ceived 3t»7,306. It has never gained any electoral votes. 

GREENBACKS. The popular name for the legal tender 
treasury notes issued by the Government during the Civil 
War. 

GREEN CUCUMBERS. A synonym for a big drunk. 
E V. Debs promised to surrender to the United States Mar¬ 
shal at Chicago, to undergo an imprisonment for contempt. 
See A R. U. He was a day late, and gave as an excuse that 
he had eaten heartily of green cucumbers. 

GRESHAM’S LAAV. Sir Thomas Gresham explained 
to Queen Elizabeth that good and bad coin cannot circulate 
together, but that the good coin disappears and the bad coin 
alone remains current. As Sir Thomas Gresham was the 
first to explain that permitting bad coin to circulate was the 

37 




cause of the disappearance of the good coin, H. D. MacLeod, 
the eminent economic writer, suggested in 1858 that this 
should be called Gresham’s Law, which name has now been 
universally accepted. But as Oresme and Copernicus had 
both declared this law before him, it ought to be called the 
law of Oresme, Copernicus and Gresham. This great funda¬ 
mental law of the coinage soon became common knowledge. 
It is thus stated in a pamphlet in 1696: “When two sets of 
coin are current in the same nation of like value Dy denom¬ 
ination, but not intrinsically [i.e., in market value], that 
which has the least value will be current, and the other as 
much as possible will be hoarded,” or melted down or ex¬ 
ported, I may add.” This great fundamental law of the coin¬ 
age has been found to be universally true in all ages and 
countries. 

HALF-BREED. Originally, in its political sense, a de¬ 
risive nickname applied to certain Republicans of New 
York who wavered in their party allegiance during a bitter 
contest over the United States Senatorship in 1881. 

HARRISON, BENJAMIN. See Little Ben , Cape May, 
Grandfather's Hat. 

HAYRACKS SPEECH BY Til OS. B. REED. See 

Reed. 

HAYSEEDS, Rustics. The “hayseed delegation” in a 
State Legislature is supposed to consist of farmers or their 
representatives. 

“HEADQUARTERS ARE IN THE SADDLE, MY.” 

General Pope’s reply to an inquiry from Washington. Now 
used for unending vigilance and sticking close to duty. 

“HEAR! HEAR!” The English Parliamentary ex¬ 
pression of approval. 

HEELERS. The followers or henchmen of a politician 
or of a party. The term always carries a contemptuous sig¬ 
nificance. See Boys. 

“HE’S ALL RIGHT.” See What's the Matter with—.? 

“HE’S ALL RIGHT! OH.” Originally used as a term 
of reproach directed against John P St. John, Prohibition 
candidate for the Presidency in ls84, and suggesting by this 
reply, accompanied by significant noddiug^to the inquiry, 
“What’s the matter with St. John?” that the Democratic 
bar’l (q v.) had been tapped for his services in drawing off 
Republican votes. In 1888 the Prohibitionists yelled them¬ 
selves hoarse at Indianapolis, welcoming their leader in these 
terms. The phrase is now in common use. See War Cry , 
Campaign Cry. 

38 



HIGHBINDERS. —Conspirators, ruffians. A term orig¬ 
inally applied to Chinese detectives in California: afterward 
to political conspirators and the like. 

• HIGHER LAW. “There is a higher law than the Con¬ 
stitution, ” said the Hon. William H. Seward, in his speech 
on the admission of California as a State. —United States 
Senate, March 11, 1850. 

HOBO. A nickname of doubtful origin for a tramp or 
vagabond. 

HOLIER-THAN-THOU MEN. A name for Mug¬ 
wumps (q.v.). 

HONOR LIES IN HONEST TOIL. “A true American 
sentiment recognizes the dignity of labor and the fact that 
honor lies in honest toil.”—Grover Cleveland’s letter accept¬ 
ing the nomination for President. August 18, 1884. 

HOODLUMS. A general name for toughs. It originated 
on the Pacific coast about 1868. Subsequently it spread east¬ 
ward and obtained some political significance, as. "the hood¬ 
lum element in politics.” 

HYPHENATED AMERICANS. As German-Ameri- 
cans, Irish-Americans, Italian-Americans, and the like. 

IMPEACHMENT. The extraordinary remedj r against a 
high official of State. The process has been put in opera 
tion but seven times. William Blount, a Senator from Ten¬ 
nessee, was the first official to be tried on impeachment pro¬ 
ceedings. His trial occurred in 1797. The others were: John 
Pickering, a United States District Judge for New Hamp- 
spire, in 1803; Justice Samuel Chase, of the United States 
Supreme Court, about the same time: James H. Peck, Judge 
of the United States District Court for the District of Mis¬ 
souri, in 1830: Judge Humphreys of the United States District 
Court for the District of Tennessee, in 1863; President An¬ 
drew Johnston, 1868; William W. Belknap, Secreta^ of War, 
in 1816. There were but two convictions—Judge Pickering 
and Judge Plumphreys. 

INFLUENCE. In American current phrase, to have po¬ 
litical influence is to have power to secure appointment to 
public office, or by hugger-mugger to be able to secure favors 
lroru legislative and other public functionaries and from or¬ 
ganized political parties. The ward-boss, in the words of 
his heelers, has “influence.” 

INNOCUOUS DESUETUDE, “After an existence of 
nearly twenty years of almost innocuous desuetude these 
laws are brought forth “—Grover Cleveland’s Message, March 
I, 1886. 

39 




INS AND OUTS. Those who are in or out of political 
power or office. 

INSIDE TRACK. In politics, as on the race-course, "the 
shortest road to victory. 

INTERNATIONAL BIMETALLIC CONFER¬ 
ENCES. The first monetary conference was called at the 
instance of the United States, and met at Paris August 16, 
1878. All the great powers of Europe except Germany, and 
most of the lesser ones, took part in it. The conference re¬ 
mained in session till August 29. On the day before the 
adjournment the European delegates, except those of Italy, 
joined in a collective answer to the propositions of the 
United States, saying (1) that it is necessary to maintain in 
the world the monetary function of silver as well as of gold, 
but that the selection of one or the other, or both simultane¬ 
ously, should be governed by the special situation of each 
State or group of States; (2) that the question of the restric¬ 
tion of the coinage of silver should be equally left to the 
discretion of each State or group of States; (3) that the dif¬ 
ferences of opinion which have appeared exclude the dis¬ 
cussion of the adoption of a common ratio between the two 
metals. The representatives of the United States dissented 
from these conclusions. Thereupon the conference ad¬ 
journed sine die. The second conference was held at the 
instance of France and the United States. It met in Paris 
April 19, 1881. In this conference Germany and British In¬ 
dia participated, in addition to the countries represented in 
that of 1878 It remained in session till July 8, having taken 
one intermission from May 19 to June 30. No conclusion 
was reached and no vote was taken on the main question. 
The conference adjourned to April 12, 1882, but never reas¬ 
sembled. The third conference assembled at the instance 
of the President (not of the Congress) of the United States 
at the city of Brussels, November 22, 1892. The same powers 
were represented as before, with Turkey, Roumania and 
Mexico added. It remained in session till December 17, 
when it adjourned, without taking any action, to May 30, 
18»3, but did not reassemble at that date or at any other 
time. In this it followed the precedent of the conference of 
ld«l. 

INTERNATIONAL MONEY. Gold is the only inter¬ 
national money, excepting in the far East. 

JAYHAWKERS, BUSHRANGERS, GUERRILLAS. 

The term originated during the Kansas troubles of 1856; was 
perpetuated during the Civil War (1861-65), and was subse¬ 
quently borne by political marauders in general. 

40 



JERRYMANDER. See Gerrymander. 

JINGO. The word is ati English vulgarism and sprang 
into use during the Russo-Turkish war. British sentiment 
was strongly with the Turks in that war and was born ot 
the prejudice against Russian domination in the East. As 
in all instances when national feeling runs high, the song¬ 
writer voiced English sympathy for Turkey in some lines 
set to music, of which the following was the refrain: 

We don’t want to fight, but, by Jingo, if we do, 

We’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got the 
money, too. 

Jingoism, from then on, nicely expressed the feeling in 
England against Russia. The bluster and hurrah it sug¬ 
gests made it applicable when speaking of the kind of pa¬ 
triotism so common in this country with stump speakers. 
See Chauvinism , Ballooning , Spread-Eagelism. 

KANGAROO VOTING. The Australian ballot system, 
adopted with sundry modifications in many States. 

KELLYITES. Another mob of Com monwealers (q.v.). 

KENTUCKY COLONELS. See Colonels. 

KICKER. One who revolts against party discipline— 
kicks over the traces, as it were; a bolter (q.v.) preparing to 
bolt. The original "kicker,” in a metaphorical sense, is 
mentioned in the first book of Samuel, second chapter, 
twenty-ninth verse, where a man of God said unto Eli, 
"Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering?” 

KIDS. Often applied to the younger element of any 
political party. The antithesis of " Mossbacks ” (q.v.). 

KNIGHT. See Plumed Knight. 

KNIGHTS OF LABOR. An American labor organiza¬ 
tion instituted in Philadelphia in 1869 for the alleged pur¬ 
pose of bettering and protecting the laboring classes. 

KNOW-NOTHINGS. Same as American Party (q.v.). 

KU-KLUX KUAN. The Ku-Klux-Klan (1868-1871) was a 
secret society of ex-Confederate soldiers. "Ku-Klux” is 
meant to represent the click in cocking a rifle. The " Klan ” 
was the offset of the "Loyal League,” and its ostensible ob¬ 
ject was to ‘ repress crime and preserve law in the disturbed 
Southern States.” In 1871 Congress, resolved to put down the 
Association, suspended the Habeas Corpus Act (under what 
is generally called “The Ku-Klux Law”) in nine counties of 
South Carolina. T' is law and the employment of the mili¬ 
tary brought the “ Klan ” to an end. % 

41 






LABOR IS THE CAPITAL OF OUR WORKING¬ 
MEN, ‘ We should also deal with the subject in such manner 
as to protect the interests of American labor, which is the 
capita! of our workingmen.”—Grover Cleveland, First An¬ 
nual Message, December, 1885. 

“LACHRYMOSE GENTLEMAN from the Seventh Dis¬ 
trict of Kentucky, who sheds steers on points of order and 
scatters flowers over motions to adjourn.” A description of 
Congressman Breckeuridge, made by Congressman Boutelle. 

LANDSLIDE. An unexpected and overwhelming change 
in the popular vote. 

LATIN UNION, THE. Consists of France, Belgium, 
Greece, Italy and Switzerland. Their coins are exactly iden¬ 
tical in weight and fineness, differing only in name. The 
Latin Union, fearing Germany’s silver would flood their 
mints to the exclusion of gold, in 1874 restricted and in 1878 
entirely suspended the coinage of silver five francs.” 

LEGAL TENDER. ‘‘Legal tender is that currency or 
money which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and re¬ 
quires a creditor to receive. It differs in different coun¬ 
tries.” 

LEGAL TENDER COWER OF MONEY, THE, is 

the power, conferred by law*to discharge a debt payable in 
money. 

LI BERAL. This term acquired special significance from 
a movement headed by Carl Schurz in Missouri, in 1870; and 
resulting in a division of the locai Republicans into “Lib¬ 
erals” and “Radicals.” the latter being equivalent to “Stal¬ 
wart,” as subsequently used. 

LILY WHITES. Texas Republicans excluding negroes 
from the Convention. See Black and Tans. 

LOBBY. Lobbyists are persons who frequent the ap¬ 
proaches to legislative halls, and seek to influence legisla¬ 
tion by “lobbying,” which may mean mere argument or ab¬ 
solute bribery. The lobby is also called the “Third House.” 

LOCAL OPTION. A plan whereby each town decides 
whether or not it will permit the sale of spirituous liquor 
within its borders. 

LODGING-HOUSE VOTE, S ee Floa ters, Blocks of Five. 

LOG-ROLLING. A political term for “co-operation.” 
Derived from the lumbermen's method of joining forces to 
roll a big log. In other words, “You help pass my bill and I 
wjll do the same for you.” 

42 



LONE FISHERMAN OF HATH. See Bath, Lone Fish¬ 
erman of. 

LONG-T AILED BIRDS OF PARADISE. T. B. Reed’s 
name for Mugwumps (q.v.). 

MACHINE. A machine politician who yields unswerving 
obedience to the party leaders. Thus, the machine wing of 
the Republican party came to be known as such under the 
leadership of the late Mr. Roscoe Conklitig. who was a 
strenuous advocate of the system. The word has been used 
in this general sense, however, since early in the present 
century. 

MACHINE POLITICS. See Machine. 

McKINLEY ACT, or BILL. A bill submitted in Con¬ 
gress by Representative W. McKinley, jr., of Ohio, which be¬ 
came law October 1, 1889. It provided for a high rate of duty 
on many imports, but made sugar free. See Abominations, 
Tariff of , and Protection. 

McKINLEY ON FINANCE. “That which we call 
money, my fellow-citizens, and with which values are mea¬ 
sured and settlements made, must be as true as the bushel 
which measures the grain of the farmer, and as honest as 
the hours of labor which the man who toils is required to 
give. The one must be as full and complete and as honest 
as the other. Our currency to-day is good—all of it as good 
as gold—and it is the unfaltering determination of the Re¬ 
publican party to so keep and maintain it forever. It is the 
duty of the people of this country to stand unitedly against 
every effort 1 1 degrade our currency or debase our credit. 
They must unite now, as they have united in the past in 
every great crisis of our country’s history. When the coun¬ 
try sremed wildly bent on inflation, preceding the resump¬ 
tion of specie payments, the sober sense of the American 
people without regard to party, united and stemmed that 
threatened tide of irredeemable paper money and repu¬ 
diation and placed and kept the nation on the rock of public 
honor, sound finance and honest currency.”—Speech at 
Canton, July 30, 1896, 

McKINLEY TIN. American tin-plate was highly pro¬ 
tected by the McKinley Bill (q.v.). Campaign clubs were 
clad in tin hats and Democratic papers denied the existence 
of American tin-plate. 

Mo's AND THE O’s MUST GO, THE. A party cry in 
New York directed against Irish domination in politics. 

43 


[Jo 

■\ r f. 




MAINE LAW, A prohibitory law against the sa’e of 
intoxicating liquors as a beverage. First adopted in Maine 
in 1851. Often used colloquially in a general sense as, “ Ver¬ 
mont may pass a 1 Maine Law.' ” 

MARBLE HEART. The exact opposite of glad hand 
(q.v.). The freezing reception given to an unwelcome poli¬ 
tician or office-seeker. Possibly derived from a French 
phrase applied to adventuresses, whose hearts are steeled 
against any affection, other than love of money, (of any kind). 

MARTYRED PRESIDENT, THE. Abraham Lincoln. 

MASON AND DIXON’S LINE. A name given to the 
southern boundary line to the Free State of Pennsylvania 
which formerly separated it from the Slave States of Mary¬ 
land and Virginia. It was run, with the exception of about 
twenty two miles, by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 
two English mathematicians and surveyors, between No¬ 
vember 15, 1763, atid December 26, 1767. During the exciting 
debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding 
slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John Randolph, of Ro¬ 
anoke, made great use of this phrase, which was caught up 
and re-echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus 
gained a celebrity which it still retains. 

MENDING HIS FENCES. The origin of the phrase is 
said to be as follows: Immediately prior to the meeting of 
the Republican National Convention in 1880 John Sherman, 
known to beau aspirant for Presidential honors, withdrew 
from the Senate to the seclusion of his farm at Mansfield, O. 
It was generally believed that in this’ retirement he was 
maturing plans and secretly organizing movements to bring 
about his nomination. One day, while in a field with his 
brother-in-law, Col. Moulton, engaged in replacing some 
rails in a fence, a reporter found him and sought some 
political news by inquiring what Sherman was doing. Col. 
Moulton avoided the necessity of a direct answer to so 
pointed a question by exclaiming: “ Why, you can see for 
yourself; he’s mending his fences.” 

ME TOO. A nickname given to Senator T. C. Platt, 
New York, as being the mere echo of Conkling. 

MEXICAN DOLLAR, THE. The bullion value of 
a Mexican silver dollar was 49^4 cents January 1, 1895, 47j 9 w 
cents April 1, and 52| cents July 1 and October 1. 

MEXICO UNDER FREE COINAGE OF SILVER. 

“ Mexico has produced more silver than any other country 
in the world. The mines of Chihuahua alone have produced 

44 



more than 500 million dollars. Sonora, Zacatecas and others 
have yielded even more. Coinage is free in Mexico. And 
yet the people are poor beyond tlje conception of the com¬ 
mon American laborer. All labor is poorly paid. I spent 
some time in Mexico some years ago, and made particular 
inquiry as to wages paid in agriculture and mining, the 
principal industries of the coantry, and found them varying 
from 10 to 36 cents per day, which is equivalent to 5 to 18 
cents in American money. The average for the farm laborer 
did not exceed 20 cents per day, or about 10 cents in our 
money. The people live in huts, subsist on the coarsest food, 
and $2 in American money would buy the average outfit, 
from head to foot, in clothing. This is the condition in a 
free-coinage country.”—W. B. Mitchell. 

MIDDLE OF THE ROAD POPULISTS. A nickname 
coined for the extreme wing of the People's party in 1896, 
who refused to indorse the Chicago Popocrat (qv.) ticket 
and desired to nominatean out and out Populist for President 
instead of W. J. Bryan. The nickname has two parents: 
The old Latin saw, In medio tutissimus ibis (You will go 
safest in a middle course), and a negro melody, the refrain of 
which is, “Keep in de middle ob de road.” The term is said 
to have been originated by Colonel S. F. Norton. 

MILLS BILL. A bill making marked reductions on the 
tariff, drafted by Roger Q. Mills, of Texas, 1887-1889. 

MONETARY SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD. The gold 
standard countries are in Europe: Great Britain Germany, 
Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Turkey, Austria-Hun¬ 
gary, Finland and Roumania. These comprise less than one- 
seventh of the population of the globe, but possess three- 
sevenths of the monetary stock of the world. All of these 
countries coin silver as a subsidiary metal, but only in Ger¬ 
many, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Roumania does it cir¬ 
culate as a legal tender. These countries still have stocks 
which were left over when the gold standard was adopted. 
Altogether, they have $536,000,000 of silver in use, against 
$1,475,000,000 of gold. 

Great Britain has $607,000,000 gold, to $112,000,000 silver; 
Germany, $625,000,000 gold, to $225,000,000 silver; Austria- 
Hungary, $130,0* 0,000 gold, to $121,000,000 silver, and Turkey, 
$50,000,000 gold, to $40,000,000 silver. The others have such 
small stocks as not to be worth considering. 

Outside of Europe the principal gold standard countries 
are Australia, New Zealand, Egypt and Cape Colony. Aus¬ 
tralia has $105,000,000 gold, to $7,500,000 subsidiary silver; 
Egypt, $120,000,000 gold, to $7,000 000 silver, and Cape Colony. 
$34,0U0,000 gold, to $3,000,000 silver. Canada also is a gold 

45 




standard country, though it has no gold and but little silver, 
its circulation being bank notes, 

The chief double-standard countries are those of the Latin 
union—France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Greece— 
Spain, the Netherlands, Servia, Bulgaria, the United States, 
Argentina. Chili, Venezuela and Japan. The most interest¬ 
ing of these naturally are the countries comprising the Latin 
union and the United States. The principal stocks of metal 
in the double-standard countries are: France, gold $863,000,- 
000, silver $703,000,000; Italy, gold $100,000,000, silver, $4?,uOO,- 
000; Belgium, gold $56,000,000, silver $51,000,000: Spain, gold 
$39,200,000, silver, 180.000,000: the Netherlands, gold $27,500,- 
000, silver, $58,500,000: the United States, gold, $626,600,000, 
silver, $626,000,000. This includes subsidiary silver coinage. 
It will be noted that the United States and France are the 
only countries having large and equal stocks of both silver 
and gold. And it is also important to remember that neither 
country now coins silver at all, and has not for many years, 
or since the beginning of their accumulations, coined silver 
freely on the same terms with gold. 

The Latin union, atits establishment in 1865, made as fair 
an effort to maintain free coinage of both metals as could be 
asked by the most enthusiastic free silverite, and its failure 
is a most suggestive example of the impracticability of the 
theory. The sole limit was that pieces under 5 francs were 
made legal tender only to the amount of 50francs, and their 
coinage was resi ricted to the needs of the people for change. 
The coinage of silver 5-franc pieces and of gold was un¬ 
limited. A most important clause of the agreement was 
that each State should redeem its own coin in gold or 5-franc 
pieces. By 1874, nine years after the agreement, silver had 
depreciated to such an extent as to cause alarm, and the 
coinage of 5-franc pieces was restricted. In 1878, the depre¬ 
ciation still continuing, it was suspended altogether. So now 
the silver coin of the Latin union is, in effect redeemable in 
gold. This depreciation, in spite of free monetary coinage, 
would seem to be conclusive proof that the opening of the 
mints of a single country or of a group of countries, to the 
free coinage of silver cannot keep it at an equality with 
gold. It also demonstrates that the best example of bimet¬ 
allism in the world has been reached by making silver re¬ 
deemable in gold, though it may be doubted whether France 
would have been able to keep the gold with which to redeem 
except for the system of arbitrary purchases and hoardings, 
gold being carefully protected to prevent its withdrawal and 
exportation. 

The United States has not been similarly prudent, and it 
is a fact, of which there has been painful demonstration in 
the last two years, that most of its large stock of gold is 

46 



actually hoarded or otherwise out of use. There are only 
$90,000,u00 which do service iu our monetary system, and that 
sum was obtained by bond issues within the last six months. 

The single, silver standard countries are Russia, India, 
China, Mexico and several South American nations. 
Russia's system is remarkable Though inclining to silver 
standard, it has but $60,000,000 of silver, and that is all sub¬ 
sidiary, while it possesses $461,000,000 of gold. This was 
mostly bought at a high premium and is hoarded The 
currency of the people is paper. India gives another ex¬ 
cellent example of the workings of free silver. Its laws have 
provided for the coinage of gold as freely as silver, but, 
though it produces considerable gold and has imported 
more, there is practically none coined and none at all in cir¬ 
culation. India has a stock of gold estimated to amount to 
$600,000,000, but it is entirely withdrawn from monetary use. 
Mexico also coins gold as freely as silver, the ratio being 
16.51 to 1. But its stock amounts to only $5,000,000 and none 
of that is in use. The South American countries are practi¬ 
cally all on a paper basis. 

The general conclusion to be drawn from this review are: 

Gold standard countries are able to use silver in relatively 
small quantities as a subsidiary coin. 

No bimetallic country or group of countries has been able 
to maintain the free coinage of silver. 

The strong bimetallic countries have, in effect, made their 
silver redeemable in gold. 

The countries which have preserved in the free cornage of 
both metals are on a silver basis, gold being entirely out of 
use. 

MONEY is first mentioned as a medium of com¬ 
merce in the twenty-third chapter of Genesis, when Abraham 
purchased a field as a sepulcher for Sarah, in the year of the 
world 2139; first made at Argos 894 befoie Christ. Silver has 
increased thirty times its value since the Norman conquest: 
viz. a pound in that age was three times the quantity that 
it is at present, and ten times its value in purchasing any 
commodity; first coined in the United States, 165^; first 
paper money, 1690. 

Money is a product of man’s labor—a commodity. It is not 
any one speceific thing, but may be almost anything, and is 
money only by reason of its fitness, at the time, for the ser¬ 
vice to be performed. In any given commodity there is a 
limit to the number of articles produced, and in earlier times 
this limit was very much narrower than now, but however 
limited the number of commodities may be there are always 
one or two that supply the money-want more efficiently 
than others. Now, as almost any commodity may be used 
as money, such a thing as a lack of it is not possible so long as 




man continues to be a producer of commodities, although he 
may, by false legislation, corrupt his money or throw re¬ 
strictions around it, and thus lessen its efficiency. All over 
the world there have been examples of such false legislation 
whenever governments conceived it to be their function to 
regulate the value of money.—“ The Natural Law of Money,” 
by"William Brough (Putnam’s, New York, pp. 5-6.) 

MONEY, DEFINITION OF. Money is coin, or, more 
strictly, current coin, stamped metal that may be given in 
exchange for commodities; gold, silver, or other metal, 
stamped by public authority and used as the medium of ex¬ 
change; in a wider sense, any article of value which is gen¬ 
eral y accepted as a medium of exchange; also something 
which, though possessing little or no intrinsic value, is rec¬ 
ognized and accepted as a substitute for money as above de¬ 
fined; any circulating medium of exchange. Its function 
is to facilitate exchanges of commodities. 

MONEY, THE CHRONOLOGY OF. 

1803 April 7.—France adopts single silver standard, with 
free coinage of gold at 154:1. 

1810 Russia adopts silver standard at 1; 15 (changed, in 1817, 
to 1:15.45). 

1815 Great depreciation of paper money in England, amount¬ 

ing to 264 per cent, in May. 

1817 England adopts the gold standard. 

1816 Resulting gold standard in Holland by the substitution 

of the ratio of 1:15% for 1:154. 

1819 Forced circulation of paper abolished in England. 

1832 Belgium adopts the French monetary system. 

1834 The United States adopts the ratio of 1:16, and only 

gold circulation results. 

1835 The sicca-rupee replaced in India by the Company’s 

rupee weighing 165 grains of silver, 

1835 Coinage of gold in Portugal at i :154- 
l->40 Increased production of gold in Russia. 

1844 Turkey adopts the double standard at 1:15.10. 

1847 Holland adopts single silver standard. 

1847 Gold discoveries in California. 

1847 Coinage of gold in Portugal at 1:15.48. 

1848 Coinage of 10-and 25-franc pieces in Belgium at 1:15.83. 
1848 Spain exchanges the ratio of 1:16 (in force since 1786) 

for that of 1: 15.77. 

1850 Adoption of French monetary system by Switzerland. 

1851 Gold discoveries in Australia. 

1853 United States accepts the single prold standard, and 
reduces weight of her fractional silver to 345.6 grains. 

1853 Portugal adopts the single gold standard. 

1854 Spain exchanges the ratio of 1:15.77 for that of 1:15.48. 

48 



1854 Single silver standard introduced into Java. 

1857 January 24—Adoption of common monetary system, 
on a silver basis, in Germany and Austria. * 

1860 January 31.—Switzerland adopts the five-franc piece as 

the unit and lowers the fineness of her small coins 
to .800. 

1861 June 4.—Coinage of gold after the French system in 

Belgium. 

1862 August 24.—Adoption of French monetary system by 

Italy. 

1862 February 25.—Issue of legal tender notes in the United 
States. 

1865 November 20.—Formation of Latin Monetary Union 

by France. Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. Free 
coinage of gold and silver at 1:15*4. 

1866 April 30.—Forced circulation of legal tender paper in 

Italy. 

1867 April 14.—French monetary system adopted by Rou- 

mania (with exception of five-franc pieces). 

1867 April 22.—Admission of Greece to Latin Union. 

1868 October 19.—Spain adopts French monetary system. 

1870 August 12.—Cours forcd established in France. 

1871 December 4.—Silver standard exchanged for gold stand¬ 

ard in Germany. 

1871 Japan establishes double standard by coining the yen 
of silver weighing 26.956 grains and the yen of gold 
weighing 1.6^7 grains at a ratio of 1:! 6.17. 

1873 February 12 —Cessation of coinage of silver dollar 
pieces in the United States. Creation of trade dollar 
of 420 grains of silver. Debt-paying power of silver 
coin limited to $5. 

1873 Limitation and subsequent suspension, December 18, 
of standard silver coinage in Belgium 
1873 Limitation of standard silver coinage in France. 

1873 October 26.—Suspension of coinage of silver in Holland. 

1873 June 4.—Formation of Scandinavian Monetary Union 

between Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The gold 
standard adopted. 

1874 January 30 —Limitation of standard silver coinage by 

Latin Union. 

1875 July 17.—Suspension of standard silver coinage (for 

public account) in Italy. 

1875 June 6 —Introduction of the double standard in Hol¬ 
land at 1:15.62. 

1875 January 14.—Act for resumption of specie payment in 

the United States. 

1876 August 6.—Suspension of standard silver coinage by 

France. 

1876 Exceptional fluctuations in the price of silver. 

49 




1876 August 20.—Abrogation of the right of free coinage of 

silver in Spain. 

1877 August 9.—Finland adopts the gold standard. 

1877 Expiration of cours force in France, according to the 

convention of August 3, 1875. 

1878 February 28.—United States enacts the Bland-Allison 

bill, with a coinage of not less than two million 
dollars nor more than four million dollars per month. 
1878 May 31.—Act forbidding retirement of legal tender 
notes in United States. 

1878 November 5.—The Latin Union continued until 1886. 

Cessation of further coinage of silver. 

1882 April 12.—Forced circulation abolished in Italy. 

1885 Egypt adopts gold standard. 

1885 November 6.—Latin Union extended to 1891 with privi- 
ledge of tacit continuance. 

1890 Technical monetary reform in China. Creation of a 
new piastre weighing 7 maces, 3eandareens, 9-10 fine, 
containing 27.27 grains of fine silver. 

1892 May'-August.—Resumption measures adopted in Aus¬ 

tria-Hungary. 

1893 June 26 —Closing of the Indian mints to silver. 

1893 November 1.—Repeal of Sherman act. 

1893 November 15.—Convention of Latin Monetary^ Union. 
Redistribution of coin. 

1893 Increased output of African gold mines. 

1894 April 28.—Monetary reform in Santo Domingo Gold 

standard introduced. 

1894 Chili adopted gold standard. 

1896 Costa Rica adopts gold standard. From Prof. J. L. 
Laughlin’s "Facts about Money.” 
MONKEY-WRENCH DISTRICT. The Third Con 
gressional District of Iowa (1890), so called from its resem¬ 
blance in general shape to a monkey-wrench. The formation 
of this district is cited by Democrats as a flagrant case of Re¬ 
publican "gerrymandering” (q.v.). 

MONROE DOCTRINE. The theory on which the 
United States considers as dangerous to its peace and safety' 
any attempt of European powers farther to extend their jur¬ 
isdiction in the Western Hemisphere, and holds itself aloof 
from any participation in the political affairs of the Eastern 
Hemisphere. This doctrine was officially propounded by 
James Mouroe, fifth President of the United States, in his 
message of December 2, 1823. as follows : 

"In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating 
to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor doe* it 
comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights 
are invaded or seriously menaced that w e resent injuries or 
make preparations for our defense. With the movements in 

50 



this hemisphere we are of, necessity, more immediately 
connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all en¬ 
lightened and impartial observers. The political system of 
the Allied Powers is essentially different in this respect from 
that <>f America. This difference proceeds from that which 
exists in their respective governments: and to the defense 
of our own. which has been achieved by the loss of so much 
blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their 
most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed 
unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. 

“We owe it, therefore, to candor, and to the amicable rela¬ 
tions existing between the United States and those powers, 
to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part 
to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere 
as dangerous to our peace arid safety. 

“With the existing colonies or dependencies of any Euro¬ 
pean powers we have not interfered, and shall not interfere. 
But, with the governments who have declared their indepen¬ 
dence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, 
on great consideration and on just principles acknowledged, 
we could not view any interposition for the purpose of op¬ 
pressing them; or controlling in any other manner their 
destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as 
the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
United States.’’—James Monroe, 1758-.831. From the Pres¬ 
ident’s Message, December 2, 1823. 

MOONSHINERS. Illicit whiskey distillers. Common 
in the mountain ranges of the Southern States. The term 
is of Irish or Scotch origin. 

MORGAN. See Good-Enough Morgan. 

MOSSBACKS. See Bourbon. In the vernacular, a 
“ Mossback ” is a large and savage “snapping” or “alli¬ 
gator turtle” that has lived so long in the depths of some 
pond that his back has become covered with a growth of 
moss-like algae. It is used as a sobriquet for the remnants 
of the ante-bellum Democracy. 

MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS. Virginia, so called prior 
to the Civil War, because so many of her sons had held the 
office. 

MUGWUMP. A man who, for some reason or other, is 
unable to vote his regular party ticket .—The Nation. See 
Longtailed Birds of Paradise. 

MUEEIGAN LETTERS. The subject of a charge against 
James G. Blaine in 1876r84 in relation to his public career. 
See Burn This Letter. 

51 






MURCHISON LETTER. See Sackville Incident. A 
letter written during the Presidential campaign of 1888 by 
an alleged Englishman residing in Pomona, Cal., asking 
the advice of the British Minister as to the proper channel in 
which to cast his vote. The letter, which was first made 
public by the Los Angeles Times , was .dated Pomona, Cal., 
September 4, 1888. It was addressed to ,l The British Min¬ 
ister at Washington, D. C.,” and was signed “ Charles F. 
Murchison.” The Minister’s reply was dated Beverly, Mass., 
September 13, 1889, and is as follows: 

“I fully appreciate the difficulty in which you find your¬ 
self in casting your vote. You are probably aware that any 
political party which openly favored the mother country 
at the present moment would lose popularity and that the 
party in power is fully aware of this fact. That party, how¬ 
ever, is, I believe, still desirous of maintaining friendly rela¬ 
tions with Great Britain and still desirous of settling all the 
questions with Canada which have been unfortunately re- 
opeued since the rejection of the treaty by the Republican 
majority in the Senate, to which you allude. All allowance 
must therefore be made for the political situation as regards 
the Presidential election thus created. It is, however, plainly 
impossible to predict the course which President Cleveland 
may pursue in the matter of retaliation should he be re¬ 
elected, but there is every reason to believe that, while up¬ 
holding the position he has taken, he will manifest a spirit 
of conciliation in dealing with the questions involved in his 
message. L. S. Sackville-West.” 

The identity of Murchison was not made public until Jan¬ 
uary IT, 1889. It was theu made known that he was George 
Osgoodby, a well-to-do and reputable citizen of Pomona, of 
Scotch-English parentage, but born in the United States. 
The minister got his walking papers and recently covered 
himself with ridicule by publication of his account of the in¬ 
cident and of a bogus Irish plot against his life. 

NATIONAL DEBT A NATIONAL BLESSING, A. 

‘‘A national debt if it is not excessive, will be to us a na¬ 
tional blessing.”—Alexander Hamilton, 1757-1804, from a 
letter to Robert Morris, April 30, 1781. 

NATIVE AMERICANS. See Know-Nothings. 

NESTOR OF THE PRESS. Charles Anderson Dana, 
of the New York Sun. 

NICKNAMES. So many and varied are the nicknames 
of men and places in the United States that only a selection 
has been made from the more noteworthy and prominent. 
They will be found in general, alphabetically arranged, and 
in some cases grouped, where an individual or a State has 
several well-recognized nicknames. 

52 



NORTHERN MAN WITH SOUTHERN PRINCI¬ 
PLES. Martin Van Buren. 

NO NORTH, NO SOUTH, NO EAST, NO WEST. “ I 

have heard something said about allegiance to the South. I 
know no South, no North, no East, no West to which I owe 
any allegiance.”—Henry Clay, 1777-1852, in the United States 
Senate, 1848. 

OFFENSIVE PARTISANS. “They have proved them¬ 
selves offensive partisans, and unscrupulous manipulators of 
local party management.” — Grover Cleveland, letter to 
George William Curtis, December 25, 1884. 

OHIO GONG, THE. A nickname of Senator William 
Allen, of Ohio, due to his peculiarly resonant voice. He was 
also called “Earthquake Allen” and “Greenback Bill.” 

OHIO IDEA. The advocacy of an irredeemable paper 
currency, held by a considerable party in the Western States, 
under the leadership of Governor Allen, of Ohio, in 1873. 

O. K. The expression means all correct, all right. The 
letters are the initials of the words ol k’rect, meaning “all 
correct.” The present use of the letters, both as a verb and 
an adjective, is comparatively modern, but the original use 
of them has been referred back to Andrew Jackson, proba¬ 
bly without justification. Another version of the origin is 
that “Old Keokuk,” an unlocated Indian chief, signed 
treaties with the initials of his name. 

OLD BANDANNA. Allen G. Thurman. See Ban¬ 
danna. 

OLD BULLION. Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, so 
called because of his able advocacy of a gold and silver cur¬ 
rency after the suspension of the United States Bank, in 
1833. See Mint Drops. 

OLD ROMAN. Allen G. Thurman. See Old Bandanna. 

ONE MAN POWER, A rooted jealousy of the power 
vested in such officers as governors of States, mayors of 
cities, and the like. 

ORIGINAL BRYAN MEN." See Original McKinley 
Men. 

ORIGINAL McKINLEY MEN. A derisive term ap¬ 
plied to those who opposed McKinley until the eve of his 
nomination, and then, “climbing into the bandwagon” 
(q.v.), desired to be considered the whole thing and to be be¬ 
lieved in their declarations that they were for McKinley 
“first, last, and all the time.” 








“OUR COUNTRY ! In her intercourse with foreign na¬ 
tions, may she always be in the right: but our country, right 
or wrong.”—Commodore Stephen Decatur, 181(3. 

OUTS. See Ins and Outs. 

PAIR-OFF. This verb is used when two members of a 
legislative or other body agree to refrain from voting, so that 
one or both of them may be absent when a vote is taken 
without affecting the final result. 

PANICS, GREAT FINANCIAL. The most remarka¬ 
ble crises since the beginning of the present century have 
been as follows: 

1814 England, 240 banks suspended. 

1825 Manchester, failures 2 millions. 

1831 Calcutta, failures, 15 millions. 

1837 United States, ‘ Wild cat” crisis; all banks closed. 

1830 Bank of England saved by Bank of France. Severe 
also in France, where 93 companies failed for 6 
millions. 

1844 England, State loans to merchants. Bank of England 
reformed. 

1847 England, failures 20 millions; discount 13 per cent. 

1857 United States, 7,200 houses failed for 111 millions. 

1866 London, Overend-Gurney crisis; failures exceeded 100 
millions 

1869 Black Friday in New York (Wall street), September 24. 

PAROXYSM OF POLITICAL EPILEPSY, A. Con¬ 
gressman Dolliver s characterization of W. J. Bryan. 

PARTY HONESTY. “Party honesty is party expedi¬ 
ency.”—Grover Cleveland, interview in the New York Com¬ 
mercial Advertiser, September 19, 1889. 

PARTY OF NEGATION. The Democratic party of the 
United States has been called the “party of negation.” 

PALTERS. Narrow slips of paper gummed on the back 
and bearing printed names of candidates These are distri¬ 
buted by local political leaders prior to or during an elec¬ 
tion, so that voters may readily rearrange ballots to suit their 
own individual preferences. Pasters, in short, reduce 
“ scratching ” (q.v.) to a System. 

PATRONAGE. The offices of which a politician has, or 
pretends to have, control, and which he promises to his 
followers as the reward for their services See Spoils. 

PEANUT POLITICIAN. The meanest and cheapest 
kind of politician (q.v.). Priced like peanuts at five cents a 
bag, purchasable in carload lots and possessed of as much 
principle as Iceland has snakes. 

54 



PENSION LIST, A ROLL OF HONOR, THE. “ I 

have considered the pension list of the Republic a roll oi 
honor.”—Grover Cleveland, Veto of Mary Ann Dougherty’s 
Pension, July 5,4888 

“ PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT, made for the people, 
made by the people, and answerable to the people, The.” 
Daniel Webster in United States Senate, January 26, 1830. 

PEOPLE’S PARTY, THE. Organized in 1892. In its 
platform, adopted July 4 of that year, it demanded free silver 
coinage, increase of the circulating medium, a graduated in- * 
come tax, limitation of National and State revenues to the 
necessary expenses, Government ownership of the railroad, 
telegraph and telephone system; it declared against alien 
ownership of lands, for an eight-hour law, for a constitutional 
limitation of the office of President and Vice-President to one 
term. By fusion with the Democratic partj r it was able to 
secure the electoral vote, as a whole or in part, of six States. 
The total electoral vote was 22. See Popocrats, and Middle 
of the Road Populists. 

PETITION IN BOOTS. See Connnonwealers. 

PINE-TRKE MONEY. The name given to silver money 
coined at Boston, Mass., in the seventeenth century (from 
1652) and so called from the coins bearing the rude figure of 
a pine-tree on one side. 

PIPE-LAYING. In American slang, procuring fraudu¬ 
lent votes. It is said to have arisen in 1835, when the 
leaders of the Whig party in New York were accused 
of a gigantic scheme to bring on voters from Philadelphia. 
The work of laying down pipes for the Croton water 
was then in active operation. A certain agent of the 
Whigs turned traitor, and placed in the hands of the Demo¬ 
crats a mass of correspondence, mainly letters written by 
himself to various parties in New York, apparently describ¬ 
ing the progress and success of his operations. In these 
letters the form of a mere business correspondence ^as 
adopted, the number of men hired to visit New York and 
vote being spoken of as so many yards of pipe. The Whig 
leaders were actually indicted and the letters read in court, 
but the jury believed neither in them nor in the writer of 
them, and the accused were acquitted. 

PITCHFORK BEN. An epithet applied to Senator 
Benj. Tillman of South Carolina. 

PLANK. See Platform. 

55 




PLATFORM. In American politics this means a declara¬ 
tion of party principles. The phrase has been imported 
into England. But although it comes as an importation, it 
is really a revival of the use of the word that was common 
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries both as a verb 
and as a noun. The subdivisions of a platform are called its 
planks, and the metaphor is sometimes even run to death 
by giving the name * of splinters to the subdivision of 
“planks.” • 

PLUG, PLUGGEILS. A plugger is a shade better than a 
• “ heeler ” (q.v.). 

PLUG-UGLY. A political ruffian whose duty or pleasure 
it is to assault the reputable voters of a:i opposite party. 

PLUMED KNIGHT. This sobriquet of James G. Blaine 
was first applied to him by Col. Robert G. Ingersoll in the 
speech nominating Mr. Blaine as a candidate for President 
at the Republican Convention of 1876: “ Like an armed war¬ 
rior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine marched down 
the halls of the American Congress and threw his shining 
lance full and fair against the brazen forehead of every de¬ 
tainer of this country and maligner of its honor” But the 
phrase was not original. Nor was Ingersoll the first to apply 
it to a Presidential candidate. In the “Works of William H. 
Seward,” Vol. IV., p. 682, there is a quotation from John A. 
Andrew’s speech at the Chicago convention in P-60, in nom¬ 
inating Lincoln, in which he said of Seward that “ in the 
thickest and the hottest of every battle, there would be the 
white plume of the gallant leader of New York.” 

POCKET VETO- The President may legally retain an act 
of Conaress for ten days without siguiu r it. If, in the mean¬ 
time, Congress adjourns, the bill is in effect vetoed by being 
kept, as it were, in the President’s pocket. It is believed 
that Andrew Jackson was the first to resort to the pocket 
veto, in 1830, in the case of a government subscription for 
stock in certain turnpike roads in Kentucky and elsewhere. 

POLITICIAN. A word with three meanings. In the 
ordinary meaning of the word it is synonymous with states¬ 
man. A comparative meaning imports a man who makes 
his living by politics with the scanty stork in-trade of a loud 
voice. Yet a third and a worse meaning is a schemer or 
rascal of the boodler stripe. 

POPOCRAT. A term invented in 1896 to describe the 
combination of the Populist and Democratic parties at the 
Chicago convention, which resulted in the nomination of W. 
J Bryan for President. Cartoonists depict the farmer Popu¬ 
list with 16 to 1 boots disappearing down the cavernous 
mouth of the Democratic donkey. 

fi6 



PRACTICAL POLITICS. The minor details of party 
management, including practices that are corrupt and crim¬ 
inal, as well as those that are legitimate and honorable. The 
phrase in this sense was in common colloquial use in 1875. 
In 1889 it was used by the Bishop of New York in an address 
in St. Paul's Chapel on the occasion of the Washington 
Centennial. 

“PREPARED FOR WAR is one of the most effectual 
means of preserving peace, To be.”—George Washington. 
From a speech to Congress, January 8, 1790. 

PRESIDENT CLAM. An opprobrious epithet applied 
to President Grover Cleveland by the New York Sun. 

PRESIDENTIAL POSSIBILITY. See Dark Horse. 

PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION, THE. The Presi¬ 
dential succession is fixed by Chapter IV. of the Acts of the 
Forty-ninth Congress, first session. In case of the removal, 
death, resignation or inability of both the President and 
Vice-President, then the Secretary of State shall act as Pres¬ 
ident until the disability of the President or Vice-President 
is removed or a President is elected. If there be no Secretary 
of State, then the Secretary of the Treasury will act, and 
the remainder of the order of succession is: The Secretary 
of War, Attorney-General. Postmaster-General, Secretary of 
the Navy and Secretary of the Interior, The acting Presi¬ 
dent must, upon taking office, convene Congress, if not at 
the time in session, in extraordinary session, giving twenty 
days’ notice. This act applies only to such cabinet officers as 
shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the 
Senate, and are eligible under the Constitution to the Presi¬ 
dency. 

PRESIDENTIAL TIMBER. A phrase borrowed from 
the woodman, signifying a man fit for the Presidential 
office. 

PRESIDENTS, THE TWENTY-FOUR. 

Washington first of the Presidents stands, 

Next placid John Adams attention commands, 

Tom Jeffei'son’s third on the glorious score, 

And square Jimmy Madison counts number four. 

Fifth on the record is plain James Monroe, 

And John Quincy Adams is sixth, don’t ye know? 

Next Jackson and Martin Van Buren, true blue; 

And Harrison ninth, known as Tippecanoe. 

57 




Next Tyler, the first of the Vices to rise, 

Then Polk and then Taylor, the second who dies; 

Next Fillmore, a Vice, takes the President’s place, 

And small Franklin Pierce is fourteenth in the race. 

Fifteenth is Buchanan, and following- him 
The great name of Lincoln makes all others dim: 

Next to Johnson comes Grant with the laurel and bays. 

And next after Grant then comes Rutherford Hayes. 

Next Garfield, then Arthur, then Cleveland the Fat, 

Next Harrison, wearing his grand-daddy's hat, 

Adroit Little Ben twenty-third in the train, 

And last on the list, behold Cleveland again. 

—By Dr. Hosmer of the New York World,. 

PRIMARY. A preliminary meeting held by the voters 
of a district usually for the purpose of making nominations, 
or electing delegates to nominating conventions. 

PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER. The au¬ 
thoritative facts as to the production of gold and silver are 
as follows: 

Gold. Silver. 

1193-1850.$3,314,553,000 $7,378,450,000 

1851-1893. 5,484,473,750 3,381,027.700 

Total.$8,799,026,750 $10,759,477,700 

Or. expressing the products, not by values, but by weights, 
the following is the result in kilograms: 

Gold. Silver. 

1 493-1850. .4,752,070 119,826.750 

1851-1893...7,883,602 89,755,395 

PROFESSIONAL POLITICIAN. See Politician. 

PROHIBITION PARTY, THE, arose in Maine, 

where, in 1851, Neal Dow procured the passage of a law to 
prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage. In 
1880-81 Kansas did the same, and the party has considerable 
following in the Northwestern States. Its votes for Presi¬ 
dent in 187 1 were 5,608 James Black being its candidate; and 
in 1876 it cast 9,223 for Ge^rit Smith. Its work has been 
chiefly directed to State reform. At the presidential election 
in 1888, Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, the Prohibition candidate, re¬ 
ceived a total popular vote of 248,907. See Wets and Drys, 
Maine haw. 

PROTECTION AND PROSPERITY. A war cry of 

the campaign of 1896, William McKinley being the Apostle 
of Protection. • 

58 










a common inquiry among politicians, when con¬ 
sidering the qualifications of a candidate, is : “ What sort of 
a pull has he in his district?” or, ‘‘With the governor?” 
and the like. In other words, ‘‘What influence, honor *ble 
or dishonorable, can he bring to bear to secure h : s election, 
or further party interests?” No doubt it was primarily a 
variant of wire-pulling (q.v.). It began to be used collo¬ 
quially in New York about 1880. 

PUBLIC CRIB- Where each professional politician 
hopes to feed. See Spoils System and Politician. 

PUNCTURE A BOOM, TO. See Boom. 

RABBIT’S FOOT STATESMAN, THE. W. J. Bryan 
the Democrat candidate for President has been so-called. 
When informed of his nomination he drew a rabbit’s foot 
from his pocket and attributed his good luck to the posses¬ 
sion of a charm supplied him by a superstitious negro. 

KANDALLITES. A detachment of Commonwealers 
under General (!) Randall. See Commonwealers. 

RATIO, A DIFFICULT QUESTION. This problem 
of the proper relation of gold and silver is so important and 
so abstruse that it has interested many of the greatest minds 
of the last five centuries. Charles the Wise referred it to 
Oresrne, the ablest political economist of his day. Sigismund 
of Poland employed the great Copernicus to investigate it. 
James the First of England consulted Bacon and Coke about 
it. John Locke, the noted philosopher, gave it all his pro¬ 
found abilities. The British Government referred it to Sir 
Isaac Newton, one of the greatest philosophers the woild has 
ever seen. Sir Thomas Gresham, Petty, Harris, Adam 
Smith, author of ‘The Wealth of Nations,” Pole, Herries, 
Hankinson, and John Stuart Mill are but a few of the great 
minds which have grappled with one of the greatest prob¬ 
lems of the age. 

RATIO. TIIE, in coinage, is the term used to express 
the equivalent between gold and silver under the varying 
mint laws. 

READ IUSTERS. A local Virginia party formed by Gen. 
Mahone late of the Confederate service, in 1878. It opnosed 
Democratic ascendency in the State and favored conditional 
repudiation of the State debt. Readjusters have appeared 
elsewhere at various times, mainly in border feuds and the 
like. See Mahonists. 

READ OUT. A man is read out of a party when he is 
denounced as a deserter from its ranks The phrase prob¬ 
ably originiated from ‘‘reading out the bans,” etc., in 
church. 

59 



RED NECKS. vSee Turkeys , 

REED, THOMAS B., ON SIXTEEN TO ONE. “Six¬ 
teen to one. What does that mean? Heretofore, whenever 
gold and silver have stood together, it has been at the mar¬ 
ket value. When we tried to make gold and silver circulate 
together we have always married them according to their 
market value. To-day we find them, not 16 to 1, but 31 to 1, 
and are going, they say, to lift silver to twice its value, not 
by the universal sense of mankind, which alone makes val¬ 
ues, but by the statute of the United States, single-handed 
against the civilized world. Why should the United States try 
to do this alone? I won’t discussthe question whether the free 
coinage of silver will raise it to a par or not. Very few peo¬ 
ple claim that it will, and, if they did, I could not believe 
them. I was told in 1890, by two of the most sincere as well 
as the ablest silver men, that the purchase of 4,500,000 ounces 
a month would raise silver to par, and when we did buy it 
silver went down like lead. Silver men have not been good 
prophets in the past. What we want is not more money, 
but more capital—money always comes with capital. We 
have money now, more than we can use, lying idle. We 
have just exported a lot of it. Money is the transferrer of 
capital, as a hayrack and horses is a transferrer of hay. 
More hayracks will never make more hay, but more hay 
will require more hayracks, and is sure to get them.”— 
Speech at Alfred, Maine, Julj' 29, 1896. 

REPUBLICAN PARTY, THE. Composed chiefly of 
the Free-Soil and Anti-Slavery wings of the former Whig 
party; held it first convention in Philadelphia, June 17, 1856, 
and nominated General John C. Fremont for President. The 
platform favored the admission of Kansas as a free State; 
the prohibition of slavery in all of the Territories of the 
United States: the denial of the authority of Congress or of 
a Territorial legislature to give legal standing to slavery in 
any Territory—freedom being under the Constitution the 
public law of the national domain; and the right and duty of 
Congress to prohibit iu all Territories polygamy and slavery. 
The Democratic Convention was held in Cincinnati, in June, 
1856. and nominated as its Presidential candidate James 
Buchanan. In its platform it denounced all attempts to 
prevent slaverv in the District of Columbia or in the Terri¬ 
tories by legislation, or to the admission of a new State on 
the ground that it established slavery; recognized the right 
to maintain slavery in any part of the public domain; and 
promised the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave law. 
The ensuing election resulted in giving Buchanan a majority 
of the electoral votes (chiefly trom the South', but a minority 
of 377,629 out of a total popular vote of a little over 4,000,000. 

60 



The Republican party, though defeated, polled a total popu¬ 
lar vote of 1,341,264. Four years later Abraham Lincoln be¬ 
came the nominee of the party and was triumphantly 
elected. The Republicans successively carried all the suc¬ 
ceeding elections except that of 188 land 1892, when Grover 
Cleveland was elected by the Democratic party. 

“REPUDIATE THE REPUDIATORS.” William Pitt 
Fessenden in the Presidential canvass of 1868. 

RESUMPTION. “ The way to resumption is to resume.” 
—S. P. Chase’s letter to Horace Greeley, May 17, 1866. 

REVOLT AND A REVOLUTION, A. Carlyle puts it 
tersely when he defines revolt as unsuccessful revolution,' 
and revolution as successful revolt. 

RIDER. In legislative practice a “ rider ” is a bill added 
to another bill, though not necessarily belonging with it, so 
that the two may be passed together as one bill. 

RING. A combination of persons, as “the Tweed Ring,” 
“ the Whisky Ring,” etc. (q.v.), who play into each other’s 
hands for mutual advantage. It appears to have come into 
general use shortly after the Civil War. 

ROORBACK. In 1814 alleged extracts from the “Travels 
of Baron Roorback” were published for political purposes, 
and the ruse was so successful that “roorback” became a 
general term for political forgery or fiction. • 

ROOSEVELT, ROOSEVELTISM. Words incorporated 
into political slang by the vigorous enforcement of Tam¬ 
many's own saloon laws on the hands of Commissioner 
Theodore Roosevelt, of New York. To “roosevelt’, is to shut 
all saloons on Sundays and to keep them shut. 

R’sOF 1896, THE THREE. “The Chicago Popocrat 
platform declares fora 53-cent dollar as a full legal tender 
for all debts, public and private; and, consequently, for the 
forcible obliteration of 47 per cent of all indebtedness, pri¬ 
vate or public. 

"That is Repudiation. 

“The Chicago platform also demands a renewal of the at¬ 
tempt to impose an income tax, a class tax levied against 
the accumulations of industry and thrift, confiscating the 
earnings and savings of the few for the benefit of the many. 

“That is Robbery. 

“Again, the Chicago platform threatens the curtailment of 
the powers of the Judiciary, the bulwark of life, property, 
and our institutions against the enemies of society: and it 
likewise threatens to pack the bench of the Supreme Court 
of the United States in order that the projectors of Populism 
may not be checked hereafter in that quarter. 

“That is Revolution.”—New York Sun. 

61 




RUM. RHEUMATISM AND REBELLION. “The pro¬ 
nounced patriotism of the old New Englander seems to have 
come mo-t prominently to the surface in the struggle of the 
Revolution when he began to take part in regulating the af¬ 
fairs of Great Britain, and thinking he was a bigger man 
than old King George. He usually went into the trenches 
which he was defending against the British troops armed 
with a double-barreled shotgun aud a single barrel of Jamaica, 
and there evidently was no man in that day who suffered 
more from rum, rheumatism and rebellion.”—Gen. Horace 
Porter. 

RUM, ROMANISM AND REBELLION. One of the 
most costly examples of political alliteration. In the cam¬ 
paign of lo84 Dr. S. D. Burchard coined the phrase at a min¬ 
isters’ meeting in New York as descriptive of the Demo¬ 
cratic vote. This aspersion of the Irish alienated their vote 
and returned Cleveland instead ot Blaine. 

RUMMIES. A local name for the political opponents of 
the Temperance party in Maine. 

RUN. When a man makes up his mind to become a can¬ 
didate for an elective office it may be said of him, “He is going 
to run for Governor,” or the like, or “ The Republicans are 
going to run him for Governor,” or *' He is making a good 
run,” etc. This usage is, at this writing, believed to be of 
American origin. The figure is drawn evidently from the 
race-track. 

RUSSELL’S LAST WORDS, GOV. In the light of 

ex-Gov. William E- Russell’s sudden death his leading article 
in the July Forum takes on the added interest that ever 
attaches to a man’s last words. The article is entitled 
“Jefferson aud His Party To-day,” and is eloquently and 
partisanly Democratic. He wrote: “ We are in the mid-t of 
an earnest agitat on over our monetary standard. It involves 
the welfare of our country and demaudsexplicit and courage¬ 
ous treatment. To Jefferson it could never bean issue be¬ 
tween Colorado and Wall street or between a debtor and a 
creditor class. His broad Democracy abhorred geographical 
and class division. For one, I believe that our country de¬ 
mands scrupulous fidelity to her plighted word, honest pay¬ 
ment of hei obligations, and that the people’s interest is best 
served by strictly upholding here the gold standard of the 
civilized world. Free coinage of silver, or its c nnpulsory 
purchase, or any compromise legislation by us in that direc¬ 
tion, in my judgment, is distinctly class legislation, which 
would unsettle business, impair credit, reduce all savings 
and the value of all wages, and whose injurious results no 
man can measure.” 

62 



SAGNICHTS, “SAYNAUGHTS.” A German nick¬ 
name for Know-Nothings (q.v.). 

SALARY GRAB. A steal perpetrated in 1871 in Con¬ 
gress to obtain back salary on an increased scale. See Back 
Salary Bill. 

SALT CREEK, or SALT RIVER. The bourn whence 
few defeated candidates return. A man badly beaten is said 
to have rowed up Salt Creek. So called from the Salt River, 
a tributary of the Ohio in Kentucky. See Frost, Snag and 
Boom. 

“SAVE YOUR MONEY AND BUY A GUN ’’ Thecou- 
cluding words of a telegram of advice sent in 1894 by a clerk 
in the office of the A. R. U. (q.v.) to a friend in Montana. 
Debs’ signature being used on the telegram, a charge of per¬ 
sonally inciting insurrection was made at first against him in 
regard to this telegram. 

SCALAWAG. An opprobrious epithet for a worthless 
political character, originally applied to the Southern asso¬ 
ciates of the carpet-baggers (q.v.). 

SENATORS FROM HAVEMEYER. A nickname 
applied to the cabal of United States Senators who, under 
the leadership of A. P. Gorman, sold out, it is alleged, the 
principle of tariff reform in favor of the Sugar Trust. 

SEIGNIORAGE is the toll charged by the mints for coin¬ 
ing gold and silver. The value of the metal put into the 
coin is enough less than the face value of the coin to pay for 
minting. In gold it is so small that one could melt a goldcoin 
and get as much for it as its face minted value. A.11 our gold 
shipped abroad is taken by weight, and no allowance made 
for the cost of coining it. The value of silver in a silver 
dollar is just now worth less than half the face value of the 
coin. Its purchasing power is upheld, as the same in paper 
money is, by the pledge of the Government to redeem it. 
The Government made a large profit by putting less than a 
gold dollar’s worth of silver in the silver dollar. This profit 
is called “seigniorage.” See Free Coinage. 

SHERMAN NOTES. See Treasury Fotes. 

SHORT HATRS. The rough element of the Democratic 
party as opposed to silk stockings and swallowtails (q.v.). 

SILK STOCKINGS. The rich Democrats. See Short 
Hairs and Swallowtails. 

63 




SILVER BUG. The silver “bug” is very common out West. 
Many of them have emigrated East and live in great style, 
as they can well afford to do, in New York and other big 
cities * Unlike the “ gold bugs” they are a species peculiar 
to America and unknown elsewhere. Their stock in trade 
has alwaj\s been Silver, and their methods of business intimi¬ 
dation and force, and, although Uncle Sam is generally 
supposed to be a stiff-necked old fellow, they have bullied 
him unmercifully; bullied him into buying the declining 
product of their Western mines, on which he has pocketed 
an average loss of 41) p^r cent. They say-the admirers of 
the silver bugs say—that the gold bugs cornered the old 
fellow a short time ago and made 16 million dollars in a bond 
deal. This is doubted: but we have the cold figures on the 
silver “bugs.” Uncle Sam has lost more than 200million 
dollars on the silver which they forced him to buy of them. 
The old fellow has kept a careful debit and credit account of 
his transactions with them and the proof is positive. Any 
one who would care to see the figures may find them on page 
16 of the 1894 report. Bureau of the Mint. The average price 
of silver during the past two years need only be added to 
complete the estimate. Here are the figures : Cost of silver 
bought $508,933,975; market value, 60 cents per ounce, $305,- 
360,385; net loss to the Government, $.03,573,590. This sum 
has gone into the pockets of the silver mine owners of the 
West; and the North and South pay nearly all the taxes to 
make the loss good. It is nothing less than robbery under 
the thin guise ot laws, saddled on the country by these 
people under threats and intimidation Notwithstanding 
these incredible, ill-gotten gains, the silver “ bug,” furious 
with greed, now has Uncle Sam by the throat, demanding 
unlimited spoils.—W. B. Mitchell. 

SILVER DICK. A nickname for R P. Bland. 

SILVER MANIA. A quarter of a century ago that form 
of madness called the silver mania was unknown. There 
was not a symptom of the disease in this country from 1804, 
when Jefferson stopped the coinage of silver dollars, down to 
1876. Sixty-two years ago the ratio was changed to the dis¬ 
advantage of silver, from 15 to 1 to 16 to 1. That undervalua¬ 
tion of the metal made it impossible for any silver dollars 
that might be coined to circulate. Yet there was no out¬ 
break of the silver lunacy then or for many years thereafter. 
Silver did not seem to be able to win the affections of anyone. 

The first indications of the new disease appeared in 1876— 
twenty years ago. Silver had been gradual^ declining in 
value for the preceding ten y^ars. In 1876 it had fallen so 
much that the bullion in a silver dollar was worth a trifle 
less than the depreciated greenback dollar, worth then about 

64 




90 cents in gold. 'When this fact came to be generally under¬ 
stood there arose a demand that something be done for 
silver. Those who favored it did so for two radically differ¬ 
ent reasons. Very many believed that if silver were coined 
in liberal quantities the decline in value of a metal which, 
since 1862, had become an important American product, 
would be arrested and silver restored to par with gold at 16 
to 1. These may be called the honest silver men. 

The other men, who demanded free coinage, did not want 
the decline in the value of silver arrested. They wanted it 
to goon—the faster the better. They did not believe then, 
nor have they believed at any time since then, that this 
country could single-handed do anything to make silver as 
valuable as it once was, or to check the decline in value. 
These men, who are the silver maniacs of to-day, wanted 
unlimited quantities of silver coined tor debt-paying pur¬ 
poses. The greenbacks were too good for them, because 
they were appreciating in value, Thej^ wanted something 
else to pay their debts in, and they saw it in silver, which 
was sinking, as the greenbacks were rising. 

In 1878 a law was passed providing for the monthly pur¬ 
chase of two million dollars’ worth of silver. The honest 
silver men would not consent to the enactment of a free coin¬ 
age law. They overruled the dishonest silver men, and tried 
the experiment on a small scale. 

It was tried for fifteen years. From 1890 to 1893 it was fried 
on a larger scale. Four and a half million ounces of silver 
were bought monthly. But the price of silver kept on fall¬ 
ing. The closing of the India mints accelerated the decline. 
Then the honest silver men, seeing the experiment was a 
failure, and if continued would result in a slump to a 50-cent 
dollar standard, stopped the silver purchases. 

Then the comparatively wild insanity of the dishonest 
silver men became acute mania. Then the men who since 
187(5 had been calling for free coinage lost their wits utterly 
and frothed at the mouth, and many of them like Bryan of 
Nebraska bolted their party and became Populists. They 
had seen with delight the steady fall in the value of silver. 
While clamoring continually for free coinage they had hoped 
the silver purchases would bring the country to the silver 
standard and give them 50-cent dollars to pay debts with. 
When their hopes of that vanished in 1893 they raved. Their 
insanity has become so great that they can no longer dis¬ 
guise their true sentiments. While they yet had some con¬ 
trol over their tongues they called themselves “bimetallists,” 
though they were all along silver monometallists who wanted 
to drive gold out. 

They have now abandoned all pretext of being bimetallists. 
They do not use the word in their platform. Their candidate 

65 




floes not use it. There are wild ravings against gold and the 
American people are said to be crucified on a cross made of 
it. There are passionate vows of devotion to silver. There 
is not a word about bimetallism. The silver mania is at its 
height. It has absolute control over its victims. The yearn¬ 
ing to pay 1- 0-eent debts in 50-cent dollars possesses them. 
They are raving in a delirium of dishonesty. The unclean 
spirit of fraud has them in its clutches and can be driven out 
only by the utter and overwhelming defeat of the Bryan 
ticket in November.—The Chicago Tribune. 

SILVER TERRITORIES. The “ silver Territories,” 
the so-called “ mining camps,” were North and South Da¬ 
kota, admitted November 2, 1889: Montana, admitted Nov¬ 
ember 8, and Washington, admitted November 11, 1889, and 
Idaho, admitted July 3. and Wyoming, admits d July * 1, 1890. 
President Cleveland approved the acts admitting the first 
four Territories, and President Harrison proclaimed them 
Stateson thedates given. The ” enabling a^t ” was passed 
by the Fiftieth Congress, which had a Republican Senate 
and a Democratic House of Representatives. The Territories 
of Idaho and Wyoming were admitted under acts of the 
Fifty-first Congress 

SINGLE-GOLD STANDARD. A country is said to 
have the single-gold Standard when gold alone is legal 
tender. See Legal Tender. 

STXTEEN TO ONE means that sixteen ounces of silver 
should be held for debt-paying purposes to be worth as 
much as one ounce of gold. One ounce of standard gold will 
coin in gold dollars $18.00. Sixteen ounces of standard silver 
will coin $18.60 in silver dollars. These sixteen ounces of 
silver can be bought in the markets of the world to-day for 
$9 94. There w >uld, therefore, be a profit of $8.66 on an in¬ 
vestment of $9.94, being about 87 per cent if a holder of silver 
could take it to the mint and coin it without charge into 
silver dollars. The advocates of free coinage favor a law that 
will allow any holder of silver bullion —or. in fact, silver of 
any kind (as the latter can readily be tn<-lted into bars)—the 
right to take the sameto any mint of the United States and 
convert it into silver coin free of charge and force 53 cents’ 
worth of it upon his creditors as a dollar. 

‘ Sixteen to one ” is the old basis for the exchange of the 
metals, sixteen grains of silver for one of gold. They never 
have, excepting" for a short time, exchanged at that ratio. 
Before the bo> anza silver mines were opened the silver in 
the dollar was worth more than its coined value, the conse¬ 
quence of which was that silver dollars were melted up or 
exported, and did not circulate. Since that time silver has 

66 




constantly declined in its relative value, till now it is worth 
less than half. But silver mining- has fallen off and gold 
mining has been stimulated, so that we may expect the two 
metals to begin to approach the old ratio again. See also 
Reed , T. B. 

SLATE. “To make up the slate,” “His name is on the 
slate,” etc., are common expressions relating to the prepa¬ 
ration of party nominations No authentic account of its 
origin has been found, save the natural inference that some¬ 
where in early days of party nominations a school slate was 
used in making up the ticket, and became the slate of local 
politicians. 

SNAG. To strike a snag has been borrowed from river 
diction and imports a serious obstacle. See Boom and Frost. 

SNOLLYGOSTEK. The word “Snollygoster” was first 
used to describe a place-hunting demagogue, says Colonel 
Ham, of Georgia, back in 1848, when the Niagara incident 
threatened war with England. There was a joint debate 
that year in a Georgia town between John Kelly and Jonas 
Gaines, rival candidates for the legislature, and Kelly spoke 
first The chief plank of his platform, by the way; was 
that the President should seize all the roads to Liverpool so 
as to prevent a salt famine in case of war. After he had de¬ 
claimed with great effect on the necessity of plenty of salt, 
Gaines arose and spoke these well-remembered words: 
“Fellow citizens, ef there’s anything on top side of earth 
that makes me mad, it’s ter see a snollygoster of a feller a 
continually a swipin’ aroun’ after the orthography ov a 
little office what he kain’t never git, and hain’t got sense 
enough to fill if he could git it.” Finally he reached the salt 
question, and raising himself on his tiptoes, he yelled, 

“Liverpool—h-1!—-North Carolina salt is a durned sight 

salter, and there’s a dozen roads to the works.” Gaines won 
the debate and was elected. 

SOAP. Originally used by the Republican managers dur¬ 
ing the campaign of 1880 as the cipher for “money” in their 
telegraphic despatches. In 1884 it was revived as a derisive 
war-cry aimed at the Republicans by their opponents. 

SOBRIQUETS. Their name is legion and Populism ap¬ 
pears to be a favored field for the propagation of such terms, 
as witness the familiar prefixes to the names of the leaders 
at St. Louis. There is “Cyclone” Davis and “Calamity" 
Weller, “Arkansas” Jones, “ Blood-to-the-Bridles” Waite, 
“Umbrella” Bohannon, “Sockless” Simpson, “Buffalo” 
Jones of Oklahoma, “Legal-Tender” Coxey, “Whiskers” 
Pfeffer, and “Cipher” Donnelly. These are a few of the 
leaders. The full roster would queer an encyclopedia. 

67 




SOCIALISM. The Courricr du Figaro of Paris recently 
called upon its readers and correspondents to give concise 
definitions of Socialism. It offered a prize of one hundred 
francs for the best explanation of the term which plays such 
a part in the life of to-day. Among the definitions were the 
following: 

•‘Socialism is a sum of theories and endeavors intended to 
bring about the greatest possible wealth or misery among 
all mankind by various means of legal compulsion.” 

“Socialism is that state of society where the coachman of 
his gracious lordship could give up'his seat on the box to his 
master without difficulty in ordet to take the latter’s cush¬ 
ioned place in the carriage.” 

“ Socialism is an ink-bottle, or fishing in muddy waters, or 
a cuckoo which breaks the eggs in another's nest in order to 
lay its own eggs there.'’ 

“Socialism is the opportunism of communism.” 

* ‘ Socialism is the money of other people.” 

“Socialism is the egoism of the lower classes which seeks 
to strangle the egoism of those above them.” 

“ Modern Socialism is the revolution of the stomach which, 
for a century, has been following the revolution of the 
mind.” 

“Socialism in the nineteenth century is what ‘nature’ 
was in the eighteenth century—the word which is in the 
mouths of all people and which no one understands.” 

“ What is Socialism ? For the politician it is an income of 
nine thousand francs and a free pass on the railroads.’’ 

“Socialism is the right not to die of hunger which the un¬ 
fortunates have in a country where so many people perish 
from indigestion.” 

‘ ‘ Socialism is professed by a party led by the charlatans of 
social science.” 

SOLID SOUTH. Col. John S. Mosby first used this in 
a letter to the New York Herald ., advocating the election of 
Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876. 

SOUND MONEY. ‘ ‘ What is now needed more than any¬ 
thing else is a plain and simple presentation of the argu¬ 
ment in favor or sound money In other words, it is a time 
for the American people to reason together as members of a 
great nation, which can promise them a continuance of 
protection and safety only so long as its solvency is unsus¬ 
pected, its honor unsullied and the soundness of its money 
unquestioned. These things are ill exchanges for the 
illusions of a debased currency, and groundless hope of ad¬ 
vantages to be gained by a disregard of our financial credit 
and commercial standing among the nations of the world.” 
—Grover Cleveland. 

68 




SOUP. The phrase, “ He's in the soup.” in a political 
sense, meaning that a candidate has been defeated or other¬ 
wise come to grief, made its appearance in New York during 
the Presidential campaign of 1888. 

SPELLBINDER. A political orator boasting of his 
ability to keep an audience spell-bound. Generally used for 
a paid campaign orator, whose value is in an inverse ratio to 
his sense of his own ability. 

SPLIT TICKET. .See Ticket. 

SPOILS. “ To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy,” 
said William L. Marcy, of New York, in the United States 
Senate, in 1832, and shortly thereafter the suggestion was 
acted upon. Spoils in political diction mean the minor 
offices portioned out among the workers. See Civil Service. 

SPREAD-EAGLE. High-flown patriotic talk. See 
Jingoism. 

STALWART. A Republican who stands by his party, 
right or wrong. The “ Stalwarts ” arose out of the Republi¬ 
can Convention of 1880, led by Roscoe Conklitig and others 
who stood firmly (stalwartly) for a third term for Grant. 

STAR. “ A star for every State, and a State for every star.” 
—R. C. Winthrop, address on Boston Common, 1862. 

STARS AND STRIPES. The flag of the United States 
of America, consisting of thirteen stripes of red and white, 
representing the thirteen original colonies, and a blue 
“ union,” bearing white stars corresponding in number with 
the States, a star being added to the regulation flag whenever 
a new State is admitted to the Union. 

STATE RIGHTS. The Political creed which favors the 
retention of independent powers by individual States as 
opposed to “Centralization ” (q.v ). 

STEALING ONE’S THUNDER. An expression used 
of an orator who steals his speech from another. The origin 
is as follows: John Dennes, the Flnglish critic and dramatist 
(1657-1734), invented some artificial thunder which the mana¬ 
ger of the Drury Lane Theatre rejected, in connection with 
Dennes’s play, but afterward used in a representation ot 
Macbeth. Upon hearing this, the unfortunate playwright 
exclaimed: “They won’t act my tragedy, but they steal my 
thunder.” 

• 

STELLA. A name for the $3 gold pieces issued, but 
never placed in general circulation. 

61 ) 




STILL. HUNT. Originally a sporting term, but applied 
during the campaign of 1876 to political methods conducted 
in secret, or under-handed methods. 

STRADDLE. A stock-broker’s term which acquired a 
political meaning during the campaign of 1884; as, “ The 
straddle in the platform/’ meaning an attempt to provide 
for any event in the future or meet the views of people who 
hold diverse opinions. 

STRAIGHT-OUTS. Thorough-going, uncompromising; 
as, “Straight-out Republicans.’’ 

STRAIGHT TICKET. See Ticket. 

STUFFER. One who stuffs ballot boxes with fraudulent 
votes. 

STUMP. “ On the stump,” to “ make a stump speech,” to 
“ stump the West for Harrison,” or the like. The term 
originated on the frontiers when the country was newly 
cleared of its forests, and the stump of a tree often afforded 
the most convenient rostrum for a political speaker. 

SUFFRAGE, THE RIGHT OF. The right to vote comes 
from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Fed¬ 
eral right and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. 
In nearly one-half of the Union aliens (who have declared 
intentions) vote and have the right to vote equally with nat¬ 
uralized or native-born citizens. In the other half only 
actual citizens may vote. The Federal naturalization laws 
apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien 
may be naturalized until after five years'residence. Even 
after five years’ residence and due naturalization he is not 
entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the 
privilege upon him, and he may vote in several States six 
months after landing, if he has declared his intention, 
under United States law, to become a citizen. 

SUGAR TRUST SCANDAL. The actions of certain 
United States Senators in dealing with the Havemeyers, the 
heads of the Sugar Trust, formed the subject of much ani¬ 
madversion and won for the voters for bounty-fed sugar the 
title “Senators from Havemeyer” (q.v.). 

SWALLOW TAILS. Another name for a rich Democrat. 
See Short Hairs and Silk Stockings. 

TABOO. A verb adapted from the Polynesian dialect, 
meaning to prohibit. 

70 



TAMMANY. Tammany, Tamendy. or Tammeaund was 
an Indian chief of the Delaware nation who lived about the 
middle of the seventeenth century. He was a great friend 
of the whites, and was famous in tradition for so many other 
virtues that in the latter days of the Revolution he was face¬ 
tiously adopted as the patron saint of the new Republic. A 
society called the Tammany Society was founded in New 
York City, May \Z, 1789, originally for benevolent purposes, 
but it ultimately developed into a mere political engine, 
becoming the principal instrument of the managers of the 
Democratic party in New York City. The number of the 

g eneral committee arose to over 1.400, delegates 'ultimately 
eing sent from each district and precinct; and fin illy a 
central “ committee on organization ” was chosen from this 
unwieldly body, whose chairman was “boss” of the hall. 
The most notorious of these “bosses”, was William M. 
Tweed, whose gigantic frauds, and those of the “ ring” of 
which he was the chief, were finally exposed in 1871; Tweed 
was convicted, and died in gaol while suits were pending 
against him for the recover by the city of $6,n00,0u0. This 
catastrophe sadly crippled the power of Tammany, but its 
influence in politics was by no means killed even then, and 
it has since, with its leaning towards a protective tariff, 
proved a constant source of insecurity and danger to the 
Democratic party at large. Its influence was thrown into 
the scale against Hancock, successfully, in 1880, and against 
Cleveland, unsuccessfully, in 1884, and the organization is 
still strong enough to carry its candidate for the mayoralty, 
even against a combination of opposing forces. 

TARIFF. A tariff is a table of duties charged on the im¬ 
ports or exports of a country. The word is said to be derived 
from the Moorish port of Tarifa, where duties were levied 
on African commerce. In Great Britain the tariff imposes 
no export duties, and applies only to import duties levied 
for the purposes of revenue. In the United States, also, the 
term is applied exclusively to import duties, which are fixed 
by Congress, and levied for purposes of pr Section. The 
McKinley tariff, placing a high duty upon all foreign im¬ 
ported goods, with the view of protecting native manufact¬ 
ures of the United States, came into operation October, 
1890. Protective tariffs are in operation in most of the con¬ 
tinental countries, Canada and Australia. 

TARIFF FOR REVENUE ONLY. A Democratic 
campaign cry embodying the principles of the Wilson Bill 
(q.v.) and as opposed to the McKinley Bill (q.v.,). 

TARIFF, THE. Tariff Legislation for ioo Years.— The 
first Tariff Act was signed by President Washington on July 
4, 1789. The new Govermneut had just been established, and 

71 




the object of the law wasto put money into the empty Treas¬ 
ury of the Republic. Alexander Hamilton was the author of 
the measure, which was modeled on the 5 per cent import 
duty that the Congress of the Confederation had tried in vain 
to impose. This first law imposed specific duties on forty- 
seven articles and ad valorem rates of 7j4. 10, 1 2J£ and lf> per 
cent on four cotnmodities or small groups. The unenumer¬ 
ated goods were compelled to pay 5 per cent. The second 
Tariff Act passed the House by a vote of 39 to ' 3. and passed 
the Senate without a division. It was approved by the Presi¬ 
dent on August 10, 1790. This Act was longer than its pre¬ 
decessor and the scale of duties was higher Then followed 
the Act of May 2, 1792. which became operative in the follow¬ 
ing July. It raised the duty on unenumerated imehandise 
to7!4 per cent and that on many articles paying 7j4 to 10 
per cent. Another Tariff bill was passed on June 7. 1794, 
going into effect on July l. It imposed numerous rates in 
addition to those already payable, some of them specific and 
others 2% and 5 per cent ad valorem. Additional tariff 
measures were enacted on March 3, and July 8, 1797, and on 
May 13, 18'*0. The Acts imposed additional rates, and there 
was a further increase of 2*4 per cent on March 26, 1&04, on 
all imports then paying ad valorem rates The whole in¬ 
dustrial situation of the country was changed suddenly and 
radically in 1807-8. Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan decrees 
were followed by the English Orders in Council, and Mr. 
Jefferson’s administration retaliated for the outrages on our 
commerce by the celebrated Embargo act in December, 1807. 
This was followed by the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809, and by 
a declaration of war against England in 1812. During the 
progress of hostilities all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain was, of course, suspended, and all import duties were 
doubled as a war measure. This is known as the “ Tariff of 
1812.” It passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 
76 to 48, and received the sanction of the Senate bj-20 votes 
in its favor to 9 against it. Amendments to it were adopted 
on February 25, and again on July 29, 181 k On February 15, 
1816, the additional duties imposed by the Act of 1812 were 
repealed, and additional duties of 42 per cent, to take effect 
on July 1, were substituted, but the lavr did not go into oper¬ 
ation. From 1812 to 1816 the average rate on all imports 
was 32 73 per cent, the range being irom 6.84 per cent in 1815 
to 69.03 in 1813. 

The Lowndes-Calhoun Bill .—The next great Tariff measure 
is known as the Eowudes-Calhoun bill. It was approved 
April 27, 18 6, took effect the following July, and may be said 
to be.the first of the protective tariffs, It was not wholly set 
aside until 1842, under the administration of Mr. Polk. The 
ad valorem duties under it ranged from 7!4 to 33 per cent 




The unenumerated goods paid 15 per cent, the manufactur¬ 
ers of iron and other metals generally 15 per cent, the 
majority of woolen goods 25 per cent, cotton goods 25 per 
cent, “with clauses establishing ‘minimums’”—that is, in 
reckon ; ng duties, 25 cents per square yard was to be deemed 
the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uncolored 
yarn, 00 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per 
pound These rates became practically prohibitory on the 
cheaper goods. The law was amended April 20, 1818, and 
again on March 3, 1810. It had the support of New England 
and the Middle States, but the South was opposed "to it. 
From 1817 to 1820 the average rate on imports was 26.52 per 
cent; from 1821 to 1824, 35.02 per cent; and from 1821 to 1824, 
on dutiable goods only, 36.88 per cent. This general increase 
of duties was due to the necessity of providing for the inter¬ 
est on the heavy debt incurred by the second war with Eng¬ 
land. The Clay Tariff followed in 18-4. The vote in the 
House was close—107 to 102; and there was a majority of only 
4 in the Senate. New England and the South voted against 
the measure, while on the other side were ranged the West 
and Middle States. It received the President’s signature on 
May 22, 1824, and went into effect July 1. It remained in 
force in almost its entirety until 1842. It raised the duty on 
woolen goods from 25 to 30 per cent for one year, and then to 
33% per cent. There was a “ minimum ” of 30 cents per 
square yard on cotton cloth. Wool over 10 cents a pound 
was rated at 20 per cent until June 1, 1825, then 25 per cent 
for one year, and then 50 per cent. The average rate on all 
imports from 1825 to 1828 was 47.17 per cent and on dutiable 
goods 50.29 per cent. 

The “ Tariffof Abominations .'"—The “Tariff of Abomina¬ 
tions,” as it is called, was approved May 19, 1828, and went 
into operation part the following July, and part in Septem¬ 
ber. In the House 105 members voted for it and 94 members, 
mostly from New England and the South, against it. In 
the Senate the vote was 26 to 21. It had special reference to 
iron, wool and manufacturers of wool. The duty on wool 
was four cents per pound and 40 per cent for one year: then 
four cents and 45 per cent for a year; then four cents and 50 
percent. Somewhat lower duties were provided for in an 
Act passed on May 24, 1828, again in May, 1830, and still 
again on July 13, 1832. The average duty on all goods from 
1829 to 1832 was 47.81 percent and on all dutiablearticles51.55 
per cent. The Modifying Tariff of 1832 was intended “ to 
correct the inequalities of that of 1828.” It was passed by 
the Whigs, or National Republicans, and levied high duties 
on cotton and woolen goods and other articles to which pro¬ 
tection was meant to be applied. The vote in the House 
was 132 to 65, and in the Senate 32 to 16, the votes in favor of 

73 




it coming-from all sections of the country. The New Eng¬ 
land vote in the House waS a tie. It was approved on July 
14, and took effect on March 3, 1833. The ex sting duties 
were superseded by the Act, some of them reduced and a 
few raised. In a separate act of the same date railroad iron 
was made free. Under its operation the average rate on 
imports in 1832-33. during the ten mouths it was in force, 
was 28 99 per cent and dutiable articles 38.25 per cent. The 
Compromise Tariff of 183 4 provided for taking off one-third 
of the duties each year until a uniform rate on all of 20 per 
cent should be reached. It passed the House b3 r 119 to 85, 
and Senate by 29 to 18. New England then joined the Mid¬ 
dle States in voting for high protective duties. It was ap¬ 
proved on March 2, 1833, the day before the Tariff of 1832 
went into operation, and took effect on January 1, 1434. The 
terms of the compromise were that all duties which in the 
Tariff of 183? exceeded 20 per cent should have one-tenth of 
the excess over *^0 per cent taken off on January 1, 1834 ; one- 
tenth more on January 1, 1836: again one-tenth in 1838, and 
another one-tenth in 1840; so that by 1840 four-tenths of the 
excess over 20 per cent would be disposed of. Then on Janu¬ 
ary I, 1842, one-half of this remaining excess was to be taken 
off, and on July 1, 1842, the other half of the remaining ex¬ 
cess was to go. There would, therefore, after July 1, 1842, 
have been a uniform rate of 20 per cent on all articles. The 
average duty on all imports from 1834 to 1842 was 19.25 per 
cent, and on dutiable articles 34.73 per cent. 

The Tariff of 1842 .—The Tariff of 1842 was passed by the 
Whigs as a party measure, and was avowedly protective. It 
took effect on August 30, 1842, changed all existing rates, 
was amended in March, 1,1843, and died December 1, 1846. 
New England and the Middle States gave it strong support. 
The Souih was earnest in opposition and the West was a 
tie. The average rate on all imports under it was 26.92 per 
cent and on dutiablearticles33 47 per cent. The Polk-Walker 
Tariff of l u 46 is one of the most noteworthy acts in the fiscal 
history of our government. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, 
who was President Polk’s Secretary of the Treasury, laid 
down these principles as a basis for revenue reform in his 
celebrated report of 1845. 

“ No more money shall be collected than is needed for 
economical administration. The duty on no article should 
exceed the lowest rate which will yield the largest revenue. 
Below such rate discrimination shall be made, or for impera¬ 
tive reasons an article may be made free. luxuries should 
be taxed at the minimum rate for revenue. Duties should 
b^* all ad valorem, and never specific. Duties should be so 
imposed as to operate as equally as possible throughout the 
Union without respect to class or section.” 

74 



The bill framed on this basis was approved by Mr. Polk 
on July 30, 18t6. It passed the House by 114 to 95, the East 
being in opposition and the West and South in support. The 
votejn the Senate on a third reading was a tie, and Vice- 
President Dallas gave the casting vote in the affirmative. 
The Senate on the final passage stood 28 to 27. This act 
superseded the Whig tariff, and remained in force until 1861. 
It swept away specific and compound duties. It divided all 
dutiable merchandise into eight classes, which introduced 
greater simplicity into the whole system of custom regula¬ 
tions. The average duties on all imports. w<s from 1847 to 
1857, 23.20 per cent and on dutiable articles 26.22 per cent. 
The tariff of 1857, which was the next in order, made a still 
further reduction in duties. It was approved on March 3, 
1857, took effect on July 1, and remained in force until April 
1, 1861. New England united with the South in giving it 123 
votes to 72 in the House, and in the Senate 33 to 12. The 
average duty on all goods, from 1858 to lc61, was 15.66 per 
cent and on dutiable articles 20.12 per cent. 

The Morrill Tariff .—The Morrill Tariff of 1861 differed from 
all its predecessors in that it provided for a general system 
of compound and differential duties, specific and ad valorem, 
and also made a distinction between goods imported from 
different parts of the world. It passed the House on May 11, 

1860, by a vote of 105 to 64, and the Senate on February 20, 

1861, by a vote of 25 to 14. From the first, through all the 
cumbrous legislation that has followed in its wake, it has 
been avowedly protective. It was frequently changed during 
the War of the Rebellion, ostensibly for purposes of revenue'. 
At an early period in its history the number of rates ran up 
to over two thousand. From 1861 to 18*9every year produced 
some enlargement of the original scheme. In 1870 there was 
some modification of rates, generally in the line of reduc¬ 
tion. Tea and coffee, taxed since 1861, were then put upon 
the free list, and the duties on cotton and woolen goods, 
wool, iron, paper, glass and leather were lowered about 10 
per cent. The free list was somewhat enlarged, but the re¬ 
duction was rescinded in the Act of March 3, 1875. The duty 
on quinine was abolished on July 1, 1819. The average duty 
on all imports, from 1862 to 1883, was 34.16 per cent and on 
dutiable articles 42 74 per cent. The Commission Tariff was 
passed by the House on March 3, 1883, by a vote of 152 to 1 16 , 
and passed the Senate on March 2, the vote being 32 to 31. 
This was the tariff which was in force until October 6, '890, 
when it was superceded, except as to tobacco and tin plate, 
by the operation of the McKinley Bill. Under it the average 
had been put by Senator Carlisle at 45*4 per cent, while 
Senator Aldrich insisted that the average was 45.13 per cent. 
As to the average rate under the Tariff of 1890, or McKinley 

75 




Tariff, Senator Aldrich and Carlisle again differed, the 
former estimating it about 41 per cent., while Mr. Carlisle 
computed it at 50 per cent—the highest in the history of the 
government. It passed the House by a vote of 152 to 81, and 
the Senate by a vote of 33 to 27. For later enactments see 
McKinley Bill and Wilson Bill. 

TATTOOED MAN. An epithet applied to James G. 
Blaine from a cartoon which appeared in Puck in 1884, 
wherein he was represented as indelibly tattooed with all 
the political charges which had ever been brought against 
him. 

TEETOTAE. See Drys and Prohibition Pdrty. 

TEMPERANCE PARTY. A local name for Republicans 
in Maine in 1854; also, in general, the Prohition party. 

THIRD HOUSE. The Bobby (q.v.). 

THIRTEEN. THE OLD THIRTEEN, or THE GOOD 
OLD THIR TEEN. The thirteen American colonies which 
revolted from British rule and formed the United States. 

TO THROW MUD. This, in American political slang, 
is to bespatter an adversary with abuse or calumny. A mud 
slinger is one who deals in this sort of warfare. Archbishop 
Whately’s saying, “If you only throw dirt enough, some of 
it is sure to stick.” is frequently quoted in America with 
“mud” substituted for “dirt.” 

THROWN DOWN. Rejected by a caucus, or at the 
polls. See Marble-heart and Glad-hand. 

TICKET. A list of candidates placed in nomination for 
office, as the “ Democratic ticket,” the “ Prohibition ticket,” 
etc. A “straight ticket” comprises all the regular party 
nominations; a “split ticket ’ represents different divisions 
of a party; a “mixed ticket” combines the nominees of 
different parties; a “ scratch ticket” is one from which one 
or more names have been erased. 

TIGER. The badge of the Democratic party, especially 
of the New York Tammany braves. See Elephant, Demo¬ 
cratic Rooster. 

TILDEN ON A DEGRADED CURRENCY. Samuel 

J. Tilden, the greatest of modern Democrats, once said: 
“The people never will tolerate a permanently irredeema¬ 
ble and degraded currency. They scout the absurd and im¬ 
pious idea that such is their inevitable doom, and they will 
not suffer man to inflict upon them an evil from which 
heaven has spared them amid its severest retributions.” 

76 




TIN GOOSE, THE. An irreverent name for the mace 
of the House of Representatives. It consists of a bundle of 
thirteen ebony rods entwined and bound together with sil¬ 
ver bands. The thirteen ebony sticks represent the thirteen 
original States of the Union. They are surmounted by a 
globe of silver, upon which the hemispheres are traced, 
while a silver eagle, with outstretched wings, is perched 
upon the summit of the globe. It was made in 1884 and 
weighs twenty pounds. 

TIPPECANOE. A nickname for Gen. William Harrison, 
ninth President of the United States. 

TISSUE BALLOTS. Ballots printed on this paper, so 
that a single voter can deposit a number of them at once 
and the same time without detection. Tissue ballots are be¬ 
lieved to have been invented in North Carolina in 1876 to 
facilitate overpowering the negro vote at local elections. 

TORY. When the Declaration of Independence com¬ 
pelled a definition of the lines between royalists and rebels, 
Tories naturally remained loyal to the crown, while Whigs 
generally espoused the patriot cause. After the Revolution 
the word Tory dropped out of popular usage save as a term 
of opprobium. See Whig. 

TRADE DOLLAR. The United States issued the trade 
dollar under the Act of February 12, 1873; it was coined first 
in 1875, and was discontinued by Act of March 3, 1887. It 
was never a legal tender, for more than $5, and only tempor¬ 
arily was it such tender, but as it contained more silver than 
the standard dollar it passed as current for a time. 

TRANQITIEITY DOEEAR. The oue-dollar silver cer¬ 
tificate of 1896, with ornate designs and an overplus of ink, 
was thus termed on account of the archaic spelling of the 
word tranquillity, with a single 1. The authorities claimed 
that the designer and the Bureau of Engraving followed the 
spelling found in the Constitution of the United States. 

TREASURY NOTES. “Treasury.” or Sherman notes, 
are the notes given in payment for the silver bought under 
the Sherman law of 1890. The greenbacks have been re¬ 
deemed in gold since 1878, and the Sherman notes have been 
redeemed in gold, except when the holder asked for silver. 

TRUTH ABOUT A CHEAP DOEEAR, THE. “The 
truth about the matter is, what this country needs is ‘a day's 
work for every man who wants to labor,’ and it wants the 
markets for our farmers’ produce which employed and well- 
paid laborers always make. Nobody wants a cheap dollar 
except the man who wants to repudiate his obligations. The 




man who wants a cheap dollar is prompted by the same 
motive that actuates the individual who passes money that 
is counterfeit. The difference is only in degree. Even if 
the question of crucifixion were up this year, better a thous¬ 
and times ‘be crucified upon a cross ot gold’ with a crown of 
thorns upon your head and with the jewel of intelligence 
and honor shining on your forehead than go shouting down 
to everlasting ignominy with your pockets all inflated by the 
depreciated tributes of betrayal and dishonor. We had a 
prosperous country only a little while ago. We want it back 
again. What becomes of me is of little consequence to this 
republic, but what becomes of the republic is of immense im¬ 
portance to us all.”—Congressman R. G. Cousins at Cedar 
Rapids, la., June 30, 1890. 

UNCI.E HORACE. A nickname for Horace Boies, of 
Iowa. See Affidavit Fare. 

UNCLE JERRY. A nickname for Jerry Simpson. 

UNCLE SAM. This nickname for United States appears 
to have first gained currencj' during the second war with 
England (1812-14). U. S. Grant was so called from his initials. 

UNIT OF VALUE: WHAT WAS IT? THE. A Gold 
Dollar or a Silver Dollar? Alexander Hamilton, in his 
report, upon the basis of which the Act of 1791 was passed, 
discovered that there was some difficulty in defining the 
dollar, which is to be understood as constituting the present 
money unit (p. 457). The dollar of that time was of varying 
weight. Finally he says: ‘‘The sum of money of account 
of each State, corresponding with the nominal value of the 
dollar in such State, corresponds also with 24 grains and 6-8 
of a grain of fine gold, and with something between 3*>8 and 
374 grains of fine silver” (p. 458). The only money in use 
before 1792 was Spanish coin. The Spanish dollars varied 
in weight; some of those in circulation contained 374 grains 
of pure silver, and the latest issues only 368 giains: conse¬ 
quently, the ratio of 15 to 1 having been chosdn, since 24% 
grains of gold was the equivalent "of a dollar, 15 times 24% 
would fix the number of grains in the silver dollar, or 371%; 
that is. no silver dollar existed at that time containing 371 % 
grains which could be adopted as a unit, but it was created 
by starting from the recognized unit of 24% grains of gold. 

Then Hamilton passed to another point: ‘‘The n^xt in- 

? uirv toward a right determination of what ought to be the 
uture money unit of the United States turns upon these 
questions: Whether it ought to be peculiarly attached to 
either of the metals in preferenoe to the other or not? and, 
if to either, to which of them?” (p. 458). 

It would seem as if Hamilton anticipated just such possi¬ 
ble misconceptions as those held by the Free Silver party, 

78 ! 



that the unit was only in silver, for he says: “If the general 
declaration that the dollar shall be the money unit of the 
United States could be understood to give it a superior legal¬ 
ity in payments, the institution of coins of gold and the 
declaration that each of them shall be equal to a certain 
number of dollars would appear to destroy that inference. 
And the circumstance of making the dollar the unit in the 
money of account seems to be rather matter of form than of 
substance” (p. 459). “The Secretary is, upon the whole, 
strongly inclined to the opinion that a preference ought to 
be given to neither of the metals for the money unit. Per¬ 
haps, if either were to be preferred, it ought to be gold 
rather than silver.” The reason for preferring gold was: 
“As long as gold, either from its intrinsic superiority as a 
metal, from its great-rarity, or from the prejudices of man¬ 
kind, retains so considerable a pre-eminence in value over 
silver, as it has hitherto had, a natural consequence of this 
seems to be that its condition will be more stationary. The 
revolutions, therefore, which may take place in the com¬ 
parative value of gold and silver will be changes in the state 
of the latter rather than in that of the former” (p. 4 0). 
Hamilton favored the policy of having the unit of both gold 
and silver, saying: “But upon the whole, it seems to be most 
advisable, as has been observed, not to attach the unit ex¬ 
clusively to either of the metals, because this cannot be done 
effectually without destro}dng the office and character of 
one of them as money,” 

VALUE! is “the quantity of other commodities for which 
a thing can be exchanged in open market.” 

VENDUK. (French vendu, sold ) A shameless assign¬ 
ment of office to the highest bidders. 

WAR CRIES. First introduced in the Presidential cam¬ 
paign of 18:4. See Blaine and Yell. 

WAR HORSE. A nickname apt to be applied to any en¬ 
ergetic political worker. It is used derisively as well as in 
an honorable sense. The combinations in which this occurs 
are too numerous for specification, but one nny be cited as 
peculiarlv picturesque: “The War Hor-e of Shawaugunk” 
(pron uuced • Shongum,” a rangeof mountains in Northern 
New Jersey). 

WASH INGTONIANS. Under this name early advocates 
of a Temperance or Prohibition party organized, about 
1840. 

WATCH DOG OF THE TREASURY. Francis Flias 
Spinner. 




WATERTANK MARSTON. An epithet applied at the 
Popocratic Convention in Chicago to Delegate Marston, of 
Louisiana who prefaced and punctuated a brief speech with 
many glasses of water. 

WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY, AND THEY ARE 
OURS. Oliver Hazard Perry, after the victory of Lake 
Erie, September 10, 1813. 

WEIGHT OF A MILLION DOLLARS. The United 

States gold dollar contains 25.8 troy grains. A troj’ pound 
contains 5.760 tro} r grains, but the ordinary pound of cur¬ 
rency, avoirdupo weighs 7,000 troy grains. Therefore, $1,- 
000,000 in United States gold coin weigh 3,686.4 pounds avoir¬ 
dupois. A United States standard silver dollar weighs 412.5 
tr y grains, and $1,000,001 in United States silver coin of the 
psesent standard wigh 56,931 pounds avoirdupois or nearly 
28% tons. 

WETS. The opponents of the Drys. 

“WHAT ARE WE HERE FOR?” Asked at the 
National Republican Convention, Chicago, 1880, by Webster 
Flannigan. The answer was, “The Offices.” 

“WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO ABOUT IT? 

SAY! ” “As long as I count the votes, what are you going 
to do about it? Say! ”—William Marcy Tweed. 

“WHAT’S THE MATTER WITH -? HE’S 

ALL RIGHT.” See He's All Right. 

“WHERE AM I AT?” A charge of intoxication pre¬ 
ferred by C ngressman T. E Watson against Congressman 
Cobb of Alabama, who, in a speech on the Rockwell-Noyes 
election-contest case from New York, it was alleged, had 
paused to inquire: “ Where am I at ? ” Judge Cobb said the 
liquid he drank during debate was hot tea from the house 
restaurant. He explained the remark by saying that fre¬ 
quent interruptions by members had caused him to lose track 
of the manuscript from which he wasreadingand in ’he em¬ 
barrassment he had appealed to the speaker with the inquiry: 
“Mr. Speaker, where was I at ?’’not “ Where am I at?” 
This put a different phase on the matter. Several members 
testified specifically that Judge Cobb was rational and. in 

f -eueral, that drunkenness among congressmen was less 
requent than among the fathers of the Republic. The 
matter was finally dropped after a mild report from the 
special committee. See Wild Ass Foal. 

80 





WHIGS. The term “Whig” in United States history 
denotes who, in the colonial and revolutionary periods were 
opposed to the British rule: and also it is the name adopted 
in 1834 by the survivors of the old National Republican party, 
after its overwhelming defeat by Jackson in 1832. Jackson’s 
bold action in dismissing members of his cabinet, and his 
relentless war upon the United States Bank, made him, in 
their ej'es, a tyrant tittle less hateful than George III., and 
the old name of Whig was chosen as expressive of their re¬ 
volt against one-man power. ' Webster. Clay, and other 
National Republicans and old Federalists readily accepted 
the name, under which they were defeated in 1836. and in 
184 * won their first great victory in the return of President 
Harrison. The party died in 185i, slain by the hands of its 
own disatisfied members. 

WHIP-SAWING. The acceptance of fees or bribes from 
two opposing persons or parties. It is believed to have orig¬ 
inated in the New York States Assembly and it is evidently 
derived from the whip-saw of mechanics which cuts both 
ways. 

WHITE HOUSE. THE. The official residence of the 
President at Washington. Its proper title is the “ Executive 
Mansion,” the President’s offices and reception rooms being 
in one wing of the building. This should not be confounded 
with the “White House ” on the Pamunky river, in Virginia, 
often mentioned in histories of the Civil War. The latter, 
bnt for the fact that it stood in the track of armies, would 
have had only a local significance. 

WHITE TKASII. Otherwise “poor white trash,” or 
simply the “poor whites” of the slave-holding States. It is 
believed that the contemptuous addi ion of “trash 1 is d.ieto 
the negroes who looked with disdain upon any non-slave- 
holdiug white man. 

WHITEWASH. An expression popularly used to indi¬ 
cate a covering up of discreditable matters, as “a whitewash¬ 
ing report,” “Mr. Blank’s character has been whitewashed 
by his friends,” etc. 

WHOOPING THE STATE. Speech making and arous¬ 
ing enthusiasm for a candidate. See Spellbinder. , 

WICKED PARTNERS. During the Presidential cam¬ 
paign of 1872, the New York Sun invented the term “wicked 
partners” as defining an alliance between two prominent 
politicians. Th j term was so apt that it at once took rank 
among Americanisms, especially in political relations. “It 
must be a case of 'wicked partner,”’ is a common form of 
expression, meaning either that one has been betrayed by 




an associate, or that one would like such to be the natural 
inference. 

WIGWAM. Primarily an Indian word meaning a cabin 
or hut. The Tammany Society of Philadelphia called its 
place of meeting a wigwam as early as 1789, and during the 
Harrison campaign (see Log Cabin , etc.) log cabins were 
used as campaign meeting-places under the same name. 
As early as 1859-60 huge buildings of rough boards were 
erected for political meetings in large towns, and the prac¬ 
tice has been kept up ever since. These, too, are known as 
wigwams. See Tammany. 

WILD ASS FOAL. An epithet applied by Thos. B. Reed 
to Congressman T. E. Watson. See Where am I at? 

WILD CAT. The term applied to depreciated paper cur¬ 
rency before the war. That issued by the State of Michigan 
had "a picture of a panther oji the face of the note. The 
term came into fresh use in the free silver craze. See Carpet¬ 
bagger and Greenbacker . 

WILLI PUS-WALLAPUS. A vulgar epithet invented 

by the Atlanta Constitution (or borrowed from the classic 
Rev. Sam Jones) for President Cleveland. Where Jones got 
it, or what it means, rivals the riddle of the Sphinx. 

WILSON BILL. The tariff bill of 1888 as passed in 1893 
and representing the Democratic doctrine of Protection for 
levenue only. It was named after William I*. Wilson, of 
West Virginia. 

WINDBAG. A mouthy speaker, all froth and no facts, 
but an adept at wagging his only weapon, the jawbone of an 
ass. 

WIKE-PULLKR. The unsuspected political manager 
who causes events to take place as does the operator of a 
Marionette show, himself being invisible, and the machinery 
concealed. Mr. Lowell uses the term in his epigram, “The 
Boss’: 

“Skilled to pull wires, he baffles nature’s hope. 

Who sure intended him to stretch a rope.” 

YANKEE in America means only the natives or resi¬ 
dents of the New England States. The balance o the 
world applies it to all Americans. 

YANKEE DOODLE is the name of a song written by 
Shomburg, an English army surgeon, in 1775. to ridicule the 
colonial militia. Subsequently taken up by the Continental 
soldiers, and now used exclusively by Americans. 


YELL. Copied from the college boys. 
Cries. 


82 


See5/aine and War 






WORKINGMEN’S WAGES.—Average weekly wages paid to the general 
trades in countries with currencies on a gold basis. Compiled by 
the Department of State from the United States Consular Reports, 
published September, 1895. 


TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS. 

Australia. 

Brazil.* 

France. 

a 

at 

a 

9 

CD 

England. 

Italy. 

•u 
. a 

«. 

M 

Tf 

41 

«s 

c 3 
c 

|! 

’5 

b 

1894 

1884. 

1894. 

1884. 

1884. 

1884. 

1884. 

1884. 

1891. 

Building trades: 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Bricklayers. 

14.60 

7.90 

5.74 

4.21 

7.56 

4 20 

5.21 

18.00 

21 18 

Hodcarriers. 

9 50 

5.00 

3.13 

2.92 

4.94 

1 70 

2 99 

8 40 

13.38 

Masons. 

15.80 

5 85 

5.33 

4.67 

7.68 

3 00 

5 27 

13.50 

21.00 

Plasterers. 

15.80 

8 30 

6.34 

4.43 

7.80 

5.04 

5 03 

13.50 

23.10 

Slaters. 

15.30 

8.25 

5.65 

4.20 

7.10 

4 20 

4 35 


21.00 

Roofers. 

, . 

5.34 

5.65 

4.28 

7.35 

4 20 

2 99 

13.50 

17.30 

Plumbers. 

13.40 

7.92 

6.10 

4.25 

7 90 

3 6)0 

5 18 

13 50 

19.00 

Carpenters. 

14.60 

7.13 

6 20 

4.11 

7 66 

4 00 

4 74 

11 60 

15.25 

Gasfitters. 

13.40 

7.02 

6.07 

4.08 

7 66 

3 40 

5.01 

13 50 

11.90 

Bakers. 

11.55 

5.73 


3 50 

6 17 

4 00 

3 88 

10 50 


Blacksmiths. 

14.60 

13.42 

5.81 

4.00 

7.37 

2 60 

5 20 

10 50 

16.02 

Bookbinders. 

16.54 

.3.58 

5.75 

4.20 

6 77 

3.80 

4.68 

10.(10 


Brickmakers. 


10.00 

5.33 

3.98 

7.00 

5.00 

4 40 

8 00 


Brewers. 

11.90 

4.56 

4.43 

5 00 

6 85 


3.78 

15 (.0 


Butchers. 

13.07 

9.08 

. . 

3.32 

5 60 

. . 

4.66 

9.60 

, . 

Brassfounders.. 

16.00 

7.06 

6.54 

4.38 

7.47 

4.00 

4.92 


. . 

Cabinetmakers. 

12.20 

5.01 

6.14 

4.25 

7.68 

3.40 

5.59 

11.40 

13.32 

Confectioners. 

9.75 

7.86 

4.85 

3 40 

6.84 

3.75 

5.84 

11.00 


Cigarmakers. 

7.30 

7.00 

4.65 

3.63 

6.07 

3 00 

3.30 

9.00 


Coopers. 

13.86 

6.45 

5.58 

3 97 

7.50 

2.60 

4.78 

9.60 

16.08 

Cutlers. 



5.16 

3.90 

7.00 

3.80 

4 93 



Distillers. 

9.75 

10.48 


3.56 


4.20 

4.02 



Drivers, Street Car. 

. . 

6.89 

4.47 

3.44 


3.60 

3.84 

10.60 


Dyers. 


5.37 

4.88 

3.45 

6 is 

3 00 

4.91 

7.00 

9.00 

Engineers. 



7.35 

5.12 

8.38 

6.00 

0.25 

15 00 


Furriers. 



7.00 

4 20 

8.52 

4.60 

4.63 

14 00 


Gardeners. 


4 30 

5 11 

3 78 

5.80 

4.00 

3.83 

8.C0 

13.50 

Hatters. 


10.32 

5.50 

4 36 

6.10 

5.25 

3.84 



Horseshoers. 


7.02 

5 89 

3.61 

6 32 

5.20 

4.65 

12.00 


Jewelers. 

13.10 

12.00 

6.21 

5.21 

8.76 

5.20 

0.35 

12.00 


Laborers, Porters. 

9.60 

3.35 

4 00 

3 11 

4.70 

3.80 

3.63 

7.00 

8.88 

Lithographers. 

13.40 

12.90 

7 17 

5.60 

7.07 

, , 

5 51 

12.00 


Millwrights. 

. . 

15.00 

6.74 

4.18 

6 97 


6.60 

12.00 

1680 

Printers. 


12.00 

6.64 


7 17 

4.60 

5 92 


16.42 

Potters.... 


3.87 

4.78 

3 60 

5 20 

5.20 

4.17 



Shoemakers. 




3 00 




. , 

, , 

Stevedo es . 

17.52 

7.75 

6.^2 

5 70 

8.84 

2.00 


. , 


Stonecutters. 


, , 

5.18 

4,85 

, . 




21.00 

Tanners. 

9.24 



3 80 

6.35 

2.20 

4.92 

8.25 


Tailors. 

13.40 

6.36 

5.62 

3 41 

7.40 

4 00 

6.36 

9.00 


Teamsters. 

10.94 

3.54 

5 57 

2.96 

5.37 

1 50 


8.40 

10.80 

Telegraph Operators. 

.. 

10.75 

6 92 

5.11 

11.00 

5 20 


7.51 


Tinsmi' hs...». 

12.401 

7.02 

5.50 

3 55 

6.50 

7.50 

6.60 

6.00 

14.35 


# Tho gold standard prevails in Brazil, but tho actual currency is paper, which is.now rained at about 18 cents 
per milreis. while the gold milreis is worth ‘4.6 cents. As the rates given are based upon a gold standard, and as 
it is now most likely that labor is paid in paper currenoy, it follows that the purchasing power ot the paper-currency 
wage is only about one-third the purchasing power of the rates given in the table, and that labor ban huliered to that 
extent, unless wages have been tiebled in the meantime, 

83 













































































WORKINGMEN’S WAGES.—Average weekly wages paid to the general 
trades in countries with currencies on a silver basis. Compiled by 
the Department of State from the United States Consular Reports, 
published September, 1895. 


GENERAL TRADES AND 
OCCUPATIONS. 

9 

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9 

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1891. 

1884. 

1884. 

1892. 

1884. 

1884. 

1884. 

1884. 

Building trades: 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Dol. 

Bricklayers. 

3.58 

1 64 

7.74 

7.50 

2 04 

10.00 

9 00 

4.32 

9 00 

Hodcarriers. 

Masons. 

2.05 

3.73 

1 13 
1.60 

3.90 
7 74 

4.60 

7.50 

1.14 

2.18 

3.60 

10.80 

5.40 

14.76 

2.45 

6.72 

4 63 
9.74 

Plasterers. 

4.00 

1.50 

7.74 

7.50 

1.56 

4.25 

9.00 

4 00 

9.40 

Slaters . 

4.00 


7.74 





4 20 

13.20 

Roofers. 

4.20 

1.60 

7.74 

7.50 

1.80 

8.40 


3.75 

8.70 

Plumbers. 

4.11 

1.56 

14.50 

10.00 




4.32 


Carpenters. 

5.10 

2.15 

7.74 

10.80 

1.66 


9 00 

3.30 

9.84 

Gasfitcers. 

6.00 


14.60 

8.00 




3.70 

18.00 

Bakers. 

4.72 

2 80 

4.84 

10.00 


7.60 

3.60 

2.92 

12.00 

Blacksmiths. 

3.18 

1.25 

9.66 

9.00 

1.85 

8.00 

16.30 

3.72 

12.83 

Bookbinders. 

4 00 


4 84 

7.60 

5.50 

13.80 

3.42 

10.26 

Brickmakers. 

3.10 

1.64 

4.84 

7.60 

. , 

6.00 

9.20 

2.80 

9.16 

Brewers. 

6.87 

3.50 




6.00 

20.00 

4.00 


Butchers. 

3.60 

2.25 

3.84 

9.00 


5 40 

12.30 

2 91 

11.76 

Brassfounders...,. 

4.40 

1.62 


10.00 

3.00 

10.00 

4.20 

Cabinetmakers. 

3.00 

2.25 

7.74 

10.00 

10.00 

14.76 

6.76 

14.45 

Confectioners. 

3.04 

2.80 

4.84 

9.00 


6.00 

4.20 

3.30 

10.38 

Oigarmakers. 

3.04 

1.40 

4.84 

8.00 


4.50 

7.60 

5.00 

12.50 

Coopers . 

3 90 

1.63 

. . 

10.00 


7.25 

7.50 

3.66 

Cutters . 

Distillers. 

3.00 

3.00 

2.13 

3.50 

3.84 

12.00 


4.00 


3.91 

4.00 

13.50 

Teamsters. 

2.20 

, . 

3.84 

9.00 


3.60 

3.50 

3.60 

Drivers, Street Car. ... 

3 68 


4.84 

9.00 


3.00 

7.40 

2.95 

8.50 

Dyers. 

3.80 

1.75 




3.16 

3.16 

10.00 

Engravers ..... 

Furriers. . 

3.67 

1.76 

2.56 

•• 

9.00 

1.62 

4.66 

3.66 
3.90 

19.75 

4.66 

3.66 
3 90 

13.60 

6.60 

Gardeners. 

1.50 

3.84 



5.00 

Hatters. 

3.85 

1.50 

3.84 

8.00 


5.10 

9.00 

5.10 

Horseshoers. 

3.48 

1.56 

9.66 

12.00 


3.75 

3.75 


Jewelers. 

4.74 

1.88 

9.66 

12.00 


4.16 

13.90 

4.15 


Laborers. Porters. 

3.00 

1.00 

3.84 

8.00 

i.i« 

2.90 

3.50 

2.88 

7.85 

Millwrights. 

3.10 

1.88 


20.00 


3.30 

3 30 

Potters. 

4.85 

1.88 

4.84 

2.75 

1.80 

5.76 


5.76 


Printers . 

3 40 

2.25 

4 84 

10.00 

1.75 

5.76 

9.42 

5.76 

12 00 

Shoemakers. 


1.45 


9.00 


10.00 

Stevedores. 

Stonecutters. 

7.40 

4.15 

1.88 

1.75 

5.92 

9.00 

2. is 

9.00 

4.92 

2.88 

Tanners. 

3.00 

1.50 

5.92 

8.00 

3.00 

4^92 

4.90 

12.00 

Tailors. 

4.03 

2.50 

4.84 

10.00 

(tl.70 ) 

( §2.95 f 

7.14 

4.92 

3.42 

12.50 

Telegraph Operators... 

6.75 

6.00 

12.00 

27.00 

11.50 

12.10 

5.25 

11.38 

Tinsmiths. 

3 70 

1.10 

5.92 

10.00 


7.50 

7.50 

3.96 

14.00 


in the eiWer etend.rd prevailed ap to Augnet. 1992. 

florid the old moif.TVnit of .d,In Uneular Report.. showing'th. vain, of foreign coins, the Austrian sil.er 
norm, the old money »nit of the Empire, fluctuated in value from 17.6 conte in 1874 to 32 cent* in July 1892 wh*n 

mr.l\". U l P akin d ll,o T ‘ h ” *°i d 0 r .°t. W “; W : th * fll ” d "* Ue °/ 20 - 3 r,nt8 ' Th * downward conree of the old aileor florin 
must be taken into aeooant in th. Austrian wage rate, thus scaling still further the r.r, low rat. which prevailed 
T A Week or seven day*. * Tailor* employed on native clothee. S Employed in making foreign 


in that country, 
clothee. 


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STATEMENT OF DEPOSITS AT MINTS AND AS- 

SAY OFFICES OF THE 

GOLD Ab.D SILVER 

PRODUCED IN THE SEVERAL STATES 

FROM 1793 TO DECEMBER 31, 

1894. 

LOCALITY. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Total. 

Alabama. 

$246,356.98 

$253.75 

$246,610.73 

Alaska.. 

1,483,536.88 

15.529.6j 

1.499,066.52 

Arizona. 

6,951,793.19 

14,085,175.88 

21,036,969 07 

California. 

767.568,763.99 

4,241,156 90 

771,809,920.89 

Colorado. 

68,246.222.38 

24,800,914.45 

93,047,136.83 

Georgia. 

9,210,074.50 

6,851.56 

9,216.926. f 6 

Idaho. 

35,201,629.69 

1,960,383 64 

37,162.0 3.33 

Maine. 

6,311 06 

22.90 

6,33 i 96 

Maryland. 

17.578.38 

40.91 

17,619.29 

Michigan. 

418,294.12 

4.063,354.04 

4,481,648.16 

Missouri... t ... 

96.71 

359.11 

455.82 

Montana. 

73,490,543.57 

21,982,919.05 

95,473,462.62 

Nebraska. 

1,921 79 

273,226.13 

275,147.92 

Nevada .. .,.. 

33,678,26:. 56 

104,191,259.88 

137,869,5 '7.44 

N. Hampshire. 

4*1.34 

1.75 

4833 9 

N. Mexico. 

6,080,775.90 

7,059,250.52 

13.140,036 42 

N. Carolina_ 

11,773,222.35 

66,441.51 

11,839,663.89 

Oregon . 

21.999,696.50 

94,499.95 

22,094,196.45 

S. Carolina_ 

2,319,436.73 

3,369.82 

2,323,416.55 

South Dakota.. 

50,923,627.71 

1,051,824.45 

51,975,452.16 

Ten u essee. 

107,177.22 

14 15 

107,191.37 

Texas. 

7,910.56 

3,447.01 

11,357.57 

Utah. 

1,477,262.74 

19,920,438.78 

21,397, TO 1.5 i 

Vermont . 

78,647.87 

84.65 

78,732.52 

Virginia . 

1,760,135.87 

4?8.02 

1,760,573.89 

Washington... 

927,925 42 

42,959.31 

940,884.73 

Wisconsin. 

325.73 

7.02 

332.75 

Wyoming .... 

848.335 02 

13,060 55 

861,395.57 

Other sources . 

41,943,089.28 

42,908,216.05 

84,851,303.33 

Totalunrefined 

$1,136,769,441.04 

$246,756 101.41 

$1,383,5 5,542.45 

Refined bullion 

450,641,481.96 

526,943,607.40 

977,585,089.36 

Grand total.... 

$1,587,410,923.00 

$773,699,708.81 

$2,361,110,631.81 


89 











































PRICES OF WHEAT (Chicago Market), 1860-95.* 


YEARS. 

Months of 
Lowest 
Prices. 

Yearly Range 
of Prices. 

Average 
Value in 
Gold of 

U. S. Dol¬ 
lar Note. 

Months of 
Highest Price. 

1860.... 

December.... 

66 @1.13 


April. 

1861.... 

Tuneand Tulv 

55 @1.25 

8 

May. 

1862.... 

January . 

65 @ 92*4 

88 cts. 

August. 

1863.... 

August. 

80 @1.12*4 

69 

December. 

1864.... 

March. 

1.07 @2 16 

49 

June. 

1865 ... 

December ... 

85 @1.55 

64 

January. 

1866.... 

February .... 

77 @2.03 

71 

November 

1867.... 

August. 

1.55 @2.85 

72 

May. 

1868 ... 

November... 

1.04*4@2.20 

72 

July. 

1869.... 

December... 

76*4@1.46 

75 

August. 

1870 ... 

April . 

73*4@1.31*/ 2 

87 

July. [Sept. 

1871 ... 

August. 

99*4@1.32 

90 

Feb., April and 

1872.... 

November... 

1.01 @1.61 

89 

August. 

1873.... 

September... 

89 @1.46 

88 

July. 

1874.... 

October. 

81*/ 2 @1.28 

90 

April, 

1875.... 

February.. . 

83 *4 @1.30 *4 

87 

August. 

1876 . 

July. 

83 @1.26% 

90 

December. 

1877.... 

August. 

1.0t*/ 2 @1.76*/ 2 

96 

May. 

1878.... 

October. 

77 @1.14 


April. 

1879.... 

January. 

81%@1.33*/ 2 


December. 

1880.... 

August. 

86*/ 2 @1.32 


January. 

1881.... 

January. 

95% W 1.43*4 


October. 

1882 ... 

December.... 

91 *4@1.40 

, . 

April and May. 

1883 .. 

October. 

90 @1.13*4 

. , 

June. 

18-4.... 

December.... 

69*4@ 96 


February. 

1885.... 

March. 

73 %@ 91% 

. , 

April. 

1886 ... 

October. 

69 %@ 84% 


January. 

1887..., 

August. 

66 %@ 94% 


June. 

1888 .. 

April. 

71*8@+2.00 


September. 

1889 ... 

June. 

75*4@1.08% 


February. 

1890.... 

February.... 

74%@1.08*4 

• .. 

August. 

1891.... 

July. 

85 @1.16 


April. 

1892 .. 

October.. 

mm 91% 


February. 

1893 ... 

July. 

54 %@ 88 


April. 

1894.... 

September.., 

50 @ 65*4 

. . 

April. 

1895.... 

January. 

48%@ 85% 


May. 


* No. 2 .Spring Wheat. + The Hutchinson “corner” figure. 

§In December, 18(51,specie payments having been suspended 
generally in all the States east of the Rocky Mountains, gold 
commenced to command a premium and the United States 
notes fell below par and so remained until the end of 1878. 
The fourth column of the foregoing tab e shows the average 
value in gold of the United States dollar note (the circulating 
medium) during the above period. 

90 









































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91 


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©©©©©©© 


I he above tables were compiled from the report of the Comptroller of the Currency for 1895. 




































































































CURRENCY CIRCULATION. 


Amounts of money in the United Strifes, and in circulation, on 
July 1 of each year, from I860 to 1894 inclusive. Prepared in 
the office of the Secretary of the Treasury. 


JULY 1. 

Amount of 
Money in 
United 
States. 

Amount in 
Circulation 

Popula¬ 
tion 
June 1. 

Money 

per 

Capita. 

Circu¬ 

lation 

per 

Capita. 

i860. 


$442,102,447 

$ 435,407.252 

31,443,321 

$14 06 

$13.85 

1861 


452,005,767 

4-8,405,767 

32,061,000 

14.09 

13.98 

1862. 


358,452,079 

334,h97,744 

32,704 000 

10.96 

10.23 

1863. 


674,8 7,283 

595,394.038 

33,*65,000 

20 23 

17 84 

1864. 


705.588,067 

669,641,478 

34.046,000 

20.72 

19 67 

1865 


770,129,765 

714,702,996 

34,748 000 

22 16 

20 57 

1866. 

..... 

754,327,254 

673,-188,244 

35,469,100 

21.27 

18 99 

1867 


728,200,612 

661,992,069 

36 211,000 

20.11 

18.28 

1868. 


716,553.5 8 

680,103,661 

36,973,000 

19.38 

18 39 

1869. 


715,351,180 

664.452,891 

37,756,01 0 

18.95 

17.60 

1870. 


722,868,461 

675,212,794 

38,588,371 

18.73 

17.50 

1871. 


74 ',812,174 

715,889,005 

39,550,000 

18.75 

18.10 

1872. 


762,721,565 

038,309,549 

40.596.000 

18.79 

18.19 

1873 


774,445,610 

751,881,809 

41,667,000 

18.58 

18.04 

1874. 


806.024,781 

776,083,031 

42,796,000 

18 83 

18.13 

1875 


798,273,509 

754,101,947 

43.951,000 

18.16 

17.16 

1876. 


790,683.284 

727,609,388 

45,137,100 

17.52 

16 12 

1877 


763,053 847 

722,314,883 

46,353,000 

16.46 

15.58 

1878 

.... 

791,253,576 

729,132,634 

47,598.000 

16,62 

15.32 

1879 


1,051,521,541 

818.631,793 

48,866,000 

21.52 

16 75 

1880. 


1,205.929,197 

973,382,228 

50,155,783 

24.04 

19 41 

1881 


1,406.541 823 

1,114.238,119 

51,316,000 

27.41 

21 71 

1882. 


1,480 531,719 

1,174.290,419 

52,495,000 

28.20 

22.37 

1883. 

..... 

1,643,489,816 

1,230,305.696 

53,693.000 

3u.61 

22.91 

1884. 

. 

1,705.451,189 

1.243,925,969 

54,911,000 

31.16 

22 65 

1885. 


1,8 7,658,336 

l,2s2 5ti8,6 5 

56,148 000 

32.37 

23.02 

1886. 


1,808 559,69* 

1,252,700,525 

57,404,000 

31 51 

21.82 

1887. 

.... 

1,900,442,672 

1,317,539,143 

58,680.000 

32.39 

22.45 

1888. 


2,062,955,949 

1.372,170,870 

59,974,000 

34.40 

22 88 

1881. 

..... 

2,075,350,711 

1,380.361,649 

61,289.000 

?3.86 

22 52 

1890. 


2 144,226,159 

1,429,251,270 

62,622,250 

34 24 

22 82 

1891. 

..... 

2,195,224.075 

1,497,4t0,707 

63.975,000 

34 31 

23.41 

1891. 


2,372,599,501 

1,601,347,187 

65,403,000 

36.21 

24 44 

1893. 

. 

2,32 *,402,392 

1,596,701.245 

66,826,000 

34 75 

23.87 

1891 


2,249,3 ’5,276 

1,661,061.232 

68,397,000 

32 88 

24.33 


The difference between the amount of money in the country 
and the amount in circulation represents the money in thd 
Treasury. Currency certificates, act of June 8.1872, are included 
in the amount of United States notes in circulation in tables for 
years 1873 to 1891 inclusive; since 1891 they are reported separately. 

92 












































THE LEGAL TENDER FUNCTIONS OF COIN AND 

PAPER. 

Gold coin is a legal tender in all payments, without any 
limit as to amount. 

The silver dollar of the acts of 1792, 1837 and 1878 is a full 
legal tender to any amount. The trade dollar was a legal 
tender to the amount of five dollars, but has no legal tender 
qualifications now. 

All fractional silver coin now minted is a legal tender to 
the amount of ten dollars. 

Minor coin is a legal tender to the amount of twenty-five 
cents. 

United States notes (“Greenbacks”) are legal tender in 
payment of all debts, public and private, except for duties on 
imports and interest on the public debt. 

Gold certificates are not a legal tender, but may be issued 
in payment of interest on the public debt, and are receivable 
in payment for customs, taxes and all public dues. 

Silver certificates are not a legal tender, but are receivable 
for customs, taxes and all public dues. 

Currency certificates are not a legal tender for any pur¬ 
pose, but maybe counted as part of the lawful monej' re¬ 
serve of banks, and may be accepted in settlement of clearing 
house balances. 

United States Treasury notes of 1890 are legal tender in 
payment of all debts, public and private, and are receivable 
for customs, taxes and all public dues. They may be counted 
as a part of the lawful reserves of the banks, and are redeem¬ 
able in gold or silver coin in the discretion of the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 

National bank notes are not a legal tender except that 
they are receivable for all dues to the United States, except 
duties on imports, and for all debts and demands owing by 
the United .States, except interest on the public debt and in 
redemption of the National currency. Each national bank 
is required to receive at par for any debt or liability to it, the 

notes of every other national bank. 

93 




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popular anO iSlectoral Dote for prcsiDcnt in 1S92 


States and 
Territories 


Popular Vote. 


Alabama. 

Arkansas . 

California. 

Colorado. 

Cpnnecticut... 

Delaware.. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho. .. 

Illinois. 

Indiana . 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana.... 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada . 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey.... 

New York -_ 

North Carolina, 
North Dakota.. 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania,.. 
Rhode Island .. 
South Carolina. 
South Dakota .. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Vermont. 

Virginia . 

Washington . .. 
West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 


Clev'l’nd 

Dem. 


Total 


138,1%) 

87,834 

118,293 


82,195 
18,581 
30,143 
129, XI 


423,281 

282,740 

196,367 


175,461 
87,922 
48,044 
113,866 
176,813 
202,296 
ICO,920 
40,22“ 
208,308 
17,501 
24,943 
'714 
42,001 
171,042 
C31,0C8 
132,951 

404,115 
14,243 
452.264 
24,335 
54,692 
9,08 i 
138,874 
239,148 
16.325 
163 977 
29,802 
84.467 
177,335 


Harrison 

Rep. 


9,197 

46,884 

118,149 

38.620 

77,025 

18,083 

’ 48,305 
8,59b 
399,288 
255,615 
219,795 
157,237 
135,441 
13,282 
62,9 
92,736 
202,814 
222,708 
122,823 
1,406 
226,918 
18,851 
87,227 
2,811 
45,658 
150,068 
609,350 
100,342 
17,519 
405,187 
35,001 
516,011 
26,972 
13,345 
34,888 
100,331 
81,444 
37,992 
113,262 
36,460 
80,293 
170,791 
8,454 


Pop. 


44, Tc 
17,7( 
14,850 
26,985 
8,714 
228 
2,407 
26,544 
23.447 
99,688 
43 
12,275 
19,165 
4,166 
9,909 
7,722 


5,556,918 5,176,108 1,041,028 


Pluralities 

'O . 

Ilari’nj 

Rep . 

52,957 0 

11 


40,950 0 

8 


2 144 0 

8 

i 

1 14,964 W 
5 5,370 0 



6 


) 498 C 

3 

. 

3 25,803 0 

4 


81.(56 0 

13 

.... 

> 1,921 W 

26,993 0 



24 


3 7,125 0 

15 


22,965 11 


13 

5,874 \7 
40,0e0 0 



13 


61,359 0 

8 

...... 

14,979 11 


6 

21,130 0 

8 


26,031 11 


13 

20,412 II 

5 

9 

21.903 11 


9 

29,981 C 

6 


41,480 O 

17 

..... 

1,270 IT 


3 

4.0?3 II 


0 

4,453 W 
3,547 II 




4 

14,947 C 

10 


45,518 0 

33 


32,009 0 

11 


181 Y7 

1 

1 

1,072 II 

1 

22 

811 F 


3 

63.767 11 


CO 

o-j 

2,637 II 


4 

41,347 C 

9 


8.344 II 


4 

38,543 C 

12 


139.4C0 0 

15 


21,667 H 


4_ 

50,715 C 

h 


6,658 II 


4 

4,174 0 

6 


0,544 0 

12 


732 H 

.... 

3 

.1 

277 

145 


Electoral Vote 


<v, 


10 


22 


95 


























































































STATE. 

Electoral 

Vote. 

1884 1888-1892 

Last 

State 

Elec’n 

No. of 
Electors 

1896 ? 

Dem 

Rep 

Pop 


Alabama. 

D 

D 

D 

D ’94 

11 





Arkansas. 

D 

D 

D 

D ‘91 

8 





California .... 

R 

R 

D 

D ’94 

9 





Colorado. 

R 

R 

P 

R’94 

4 





Connecticut. 

D 

D 

D 

R’94 

6 





Delaware... 

D 

D 

D 

R’94 

3 





Florida. 

D 

D 

D 

D ’91 

4 





Georgia. 

D 

D 

D 

D ’94 

13 





Idaho. 



P 

R’94 

3 





Illinois... 

R 

R 

D 

R’94 

24 





Indiana... 

D 

R 

D 

R’94 

15 





Iowa ... 

R 

R 

R 

R ’95 

13 





Kansas .. 

R 

R 

P 

R’95 

10 





Kentucky . 

D 

D 

D 

R’95 

13 





Louisiana.... 

D 

D 

D 


8 





Maine .. . 

R 

R 

R 

R’94 

6 





Maryland. 

D 

D 

D 

r’95 

8 





Massachusetts .. 

R 

R 

R 

r’95 

15 





Michigan 

R 

R 

R 

R’95 

14 





Minnesota . 

R 

R 

R 

R’94 

9 





Mississippi 

D 

D 

D 

D ’95 

9 





Missouri .... 

D 

D 

D 

R’94 

17 





Montana. 



R 

R’94 

3 





Nebraska. 

R 

R 

R 

R’95 

8 





Nevada. 

R 

R 

P 

S ’94* 

3 





New Hampshire.. 

5 

R 

R 

R’94 

4 





New Jersey.. 

D 

D 

D 

R’95 

10 





New York 

D 

R 

D 

R’95 

36 





North Carolina .. 

D 

D 

D 

R-P’91| 

11 





North Dakota . . 



P 

R’94 

3 





Ohio. ... 

R 

R 

R 

R’95 

23 





Oregon . . 

R 

R 

R 

R’94 

4 





Pennsylvania .... 

R 

R 

R 

R’95 

32 





Rhode Island.. 

R 

R 

R 

R’95 

4 





South Carolina... 

D 

D 

D 

D ’94 

9 





South Dakota... 



R 

R’94 

4 





Tennessee.. 

D 

D 

D 

Disputed 

12 





1 exas . 

1) 

D 

D 

D ’95 

15 





Utah .... * 




R’95 

3 





Vermont. 

R 

R 

R 

R’94 

4 





Virginia ... 

D 

D 

D 

D ’98 

12 





W ashington. 



R 


4 





West Virginia. .. 

D 

D 

D 


6 





Wisconsin ..... 

R 

R 

D 

D ’95 

12 





W yoming. 



R 

R’94 

3 






D—Democratic R—Republican P— Populist ^Silver fFusion R. & P. 


96 






















































































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